{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:09:59Z","timestamp":1783559399400,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["184.034.014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184.034.014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCENW.XS22.3.110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCENW.XS22.3.110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101005077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101005077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001722","name":"Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Beijerinch Premium 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beijerinch Premium 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["024.002.009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.002.009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Coronaviruses (CoVs) exhibit a remarkable ability for spill-over infections into naive host populations. While much research has focused on the spike (S) glycoproteins of zoonotic alpha- and betacoronaviruses, the S proteins of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, which predominantly infect avian hosts, remain poorly understood. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-EM structures of S proteins from two distinct gammacoronaviruses (75.7% sequence identity) that atypically infect marine mammals and belong to the Gammacoronavirus delphinapteri species. The cryo-EM reconstructions reveal that the spikes exhibit a unique quaternary architecture that distinguishes them from other coronaviruses. The S protein features a previously unidentified, tripodal quaternary assembly of the S1 subunit, in which S1\n                    <jats:sup>B<\/jats:sup>\n                    domains are presented in an upright position while their putative receptor binding sites are shielded by extended loops from the S1\n                    <jats:sup>A<\/jats:sup>\n                    domain of the same protomers. Additionally, the CeCoV spike proteins have evolved an additional and unique ~200 residue N-terminal domain (S1\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). S1\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    lacks homology to known protein sequences but displays structural similarity to members of the cupin protein superfamily. This represents a remarkable case of coronaviral exaptation of a host protein integrated into the S glycoprotein. Moreover, glycoproteomic analyses reveal that CeCoV S proteins are extensively N-glycosylated (&gt;100 N-glycans per trimer), with a notable abundance of high-mannose glycans on S1\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    and O-glycosylation sites within a mucin-like loop at the trimer apex, all contributing to a dense glycan shield and potentially masking immunogenic epitopes. These findings demonstrate the structural diversity and adaptability of CoV S proteins, including alternative quaternary assemblies, additional domains, and diverse glycosylation strategies, offering new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that enable coronaviruses to expand their host range and establish infections in novel species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:43:48Z","timestamp":1775670228000},"page":"e1013855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cetacean coronavirus spikes highlight S glycoprotein structural plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-5538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruben J. G.","family":"Hulswit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana M.","family":"Shamorkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joline","family":"van der Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floor","family":"Rosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisanne S.","family":"Wetzels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J. M.","family":"van Kuppeveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Snijder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berend Jan","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Hurdiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013855.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02420-14","article-title":"Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A","volume":"89","author":"SKP Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J 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