{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:05:52Z","timestamp":1778799952142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X009823\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X009823\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000777","name":"University of Leeds","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"BBSRC IAA","award":["127410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["127410"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000567","name":"BSPP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete molecules to manipulate their hosts, but little is known about their mode of delivery and packaging. Here, we describe microRNA-containing exosomes that are secreted by root-knot nematodes and systemically increase host susceptibility. By revealing a novel mode of nematode-plant communication, our findings outline a mechanism for the delivery of nematode patho-molecules, offering a new target for disrupting parasitism at the level of vesicle-mediated delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:25:27Z","timestamp":1770661527000},"page":"e1013908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exosome-mediated delivery of microRNAs by root-knot nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M. Willow H.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Rohilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suruchi","family":"Roychoudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-2793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013908.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12057","article-title":"Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology","volume":"14","author":"JT Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Plant Pathol"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12202","article-title":"The threat of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Africa: a review","volume":"63","author":"EM Onkendi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013908.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009828","article-title":"Mining nematode protein secretomes to explain lifestyle and host specificity","volume":"15","author":"L Tritten","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013908.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000192","article-title":"Direct identification of the Meloidogyne incognita secretome reveals proteins with host cell reprogramming potential","volume":"4","author":"S Bellafiore","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013908.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067377","article-title":"Secretome analysis of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus reveals the tangled roots of parasitism and its potential for molecular mimicry","volume":"8","author":"R Shinya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013908.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09366-6","article-title":"In silico secretome analyses of the polyphagous root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica: a resource for studying M. javanica secreted proteins","volume":"24","author":"TN Macharia","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013908.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.10.040","article-title":"Functional roles of effectors of plant-parasitic nematodes","volume":"492","author":"A Haegeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01666501","article-title":"Ultrastructure of esophageal glands and their secretory granules in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita","volume":"156","author":"RS Hussey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800030","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.800030","article-title":"Effectors of root-knot nematodes: an arsenal for successful parasitism","volume":"12","author":"S Jagdale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013908.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004069","article-title":"Release of small RNA-containing exosome-like vesicles from the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi","volume":"9","author":"M Zamanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6488","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity","volume":"5","author":"AH Buck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-081720-010616","article-title":"Message in a bubble: shuttling small RNAs and proteins between cells and interacting organisms using extracellular vesicles","volume":"72","author":"Q Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013908.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-023-10030-5","article-title":"Dauer larva-derived extracellular vesicles extend the life of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"24","author":"J Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ppat.1013908.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00217","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-contained microRNA of C. elegans as a tool to decipher the molecular basis of nematode parasitism","volume":"10","author":"TB Duguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013908.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2023.2244790","article-title":"Characterization of microRNAs in the cyst nematode Heterodera glycines identifies possible candidates involved in cross-kingdom interactions with its host Glycine max","volume":"20","author":"DT Ste-Croix","year":"2023","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013908.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.52586\/4974","article-title":"Advances in the regulation of plant development and stress response by miR167","volume":"26","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1013908.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad208","article-title":"AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR8 regulates development of the feeding site induced by root-knot nematodes in tomato","volume":"74","author":"Y Noureddine","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013908.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14717","article-title":"Characterization of microRNAs from Arabidopsis galls highlights a role for miR159 in the plant response to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita","volume":"216","author":"C Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013908.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12816","article-title":"Osa-miR167d facilitates infection of Magnaporthe oryzae in rice","volume":"62","author":"Z-X Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Integr Plant Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1013908.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11850","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411850","article-title":"bra-miR167a targets ARF8 and negatively regulates arabidopsis thaliana immunity against Plasmodiophora brassicae","volume":"24","author":"R Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1013908.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.270","article-title":"Overexpression of ArabidopsismicroRNA167 induces salicylic acid-dependent defense against Pseudomonas syringae through the regulation of its targets ARF6 and ARF8","volume":"4","author":"JC Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Direct"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013908.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01005-w","article-title":"Exogenous miRNAs induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants","volume":"7","author":"F Betti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013908.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isolation of exosomes by differential centrifugation: theoretical analysis of a commonly used protocol","volume":"5","author":"MA Livshts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scient Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1013908.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006777","article-title":"Hybridization and polyploidy enable genomic plasticity without sex in the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes","volume":"13","author":"R Blanc-Mathieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013908.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020261","article-title":"Construction of fusion protein for enhanced small RNA loading to extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"M Es-Haghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1013908.ref026","first-page":"309","article-title":"In-situ hybridization to messenger RNA in Heterodera glycines","volume":"30","author":"JM de Boer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013908.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.08.003","article-title":"Small RNA in situ hybridization in Caenorhabditis elegans, combined with RNA-seq, identifies germline-enriched microRNAs","volume":"418","author":"TJ McEwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1013908.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-023-01112-z","article-title":"Whole mount multiplexed visualization of DNA, mRNA, and protein in plant-parasitic nematodes","volume":"19","author":"AL Sperling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Methods"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:25:31Z","timestamp":1770661531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013908"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David M","family":"Bisaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}