{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:01:47Z","timestamp":1791000107910,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013946","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000}}],"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI095004, R01AI108400, R01AI145044, U19AI149504,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI095004, R01AI108400, R01AI145044, U19AI149504,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY032149, U19AI125357, R01AI163216, R01DK132735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY032149, U19AI125357, R01AI163216, R01DK132735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000900","name":"California Institute for Regenerative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DISC2-16725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DISC2-16725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016951","name":"UCLA AIDS Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016951","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017823","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of California Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010296","name":"James B. Pendleton Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002214","name":"McCarthy Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002214","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B cells play a crucial role in humoral immunity, acting as sentinels against viral infections by using their B cell receptors (BCRs) to recognize viral proteins. This recognition typically triggers a response leading to the production of neutralizing antibodies against viral surface proteins, such as the viral envelope proteins. However, recent studies have revealed a surprising dual role for BCRs, showing that some enveloped viruses and viral vectors, such as Dengue virus and lentiviral vectors, can exploit anti-viral BCRs as their attachment and entry receptors to infect\/transduce B cells. While these viruses use a simple low-pH-dependent fusion mechanism for entry, it remained unclear whether BCRs could facilitate the entry of viruses with more complex fusion requirements, such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, which rely on their cognate receptors to activate their fusion machinery. In this study, we investigated the ability of BCRs to mediate viral entry for HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, which require specific host receptors (CD4 and ACE2, respectively) to activate their fusion machinery. We found that while anti-HIV-1 envelope protein BCRs can mediate viral attachment, they are unable to facilitate viral fusion and entry. In contrast, anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein BCRs not only mediate attachment but also enable viral entry in the absence of the ACE2 receptor. Our findings demonstrate that the ability of anti-viral BCRs to mediate viral fusion\/entry is not universal but depends on the specific viral envelope protein. This novel entry pathway has important implications for both viral replication and the development of B cell-mediated immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T18:41:47Z","timestamp":1770403307000},"page":"e1013946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["B Cell Receptor\u2019s function in virus entry: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 B cell receptors can mediate viral entry in an ACE2-independent mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rene","family":"Larios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Belal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjit Vijey","family":"Jeyachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel Elma","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Kathrin","family":"Zaiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Kamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Dorshkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaithilingaraja","family":"Arumugaswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5601-3992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kouki","family":"Morizono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1013946.ref001","first-page":"565","volume-title":"Cellular and molecular immunology","author":"AK Abbas","edition":"9"},{"key":"ppat.1013946.ref002","volume-title":"Fundamental Immunology","author":"WE Paul","year":"2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1013946.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.10.3628","article-title":"Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions","volume":"73","author":"N Hozumi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1013946.ref004","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Envelope protein-specific B cell receptors direct lentiviral vector tropism in vivo. 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