{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:14:31Z","timestamp":1790172871713,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013995","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Science Fundation","award":["SNSF grant TMAG-3_225935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSF grant TMAG-3_225935"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Science Fundation","award":["310030_215073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_215073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002860","name":"China Sponsorship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 202208440111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202208440111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Entomopathogenic fungi serve as powerful regulators of insect populations in nature. However, how immune effectors combat fungal pathogens remains incompletely understood. We employ\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a genetically tractable model to dissect immune defense mechanisms against diverse fungal pathogens. We show that the Toll pathway is the key determinant of immunity against all species tested regardless of their ecological strategy, primarily through resistance mechanisms that limit fungal proliferation. In addition, melanization, but not phagocytosis or the Imd pathway, also has a role in limiting fungal entry and proliferation. Additionally, we show that fungal protease detection by Persephone has a quantitatively more critical role than the glucan sensor GNBP3 in the activation of the Toll pathway upon fungal infection. Our study also reveals that the fly-obligate fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Entomophthora muscae<\/jats:italic>\n                    employs a vegetative development strategy to hide from the host immune response. These findings reveal that\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    immune mechanisms effectively defend against a broad range of fungal pathogens, while highlighting striking adaptations to overcome these defenses in highly specialized fungal pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>E. muscae.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:43:04Z","timestamp":1774287784000},"page":"e1013995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drosophila host defense mechanisms against filamentous fungal pathogens with diverse lifestyles"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Guiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Austin","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-1667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lemaitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1013995.ref001","article-title":"Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: future perspectives and opportunities","volume":"45","author":"AJP Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1013995.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x","article-title":"The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology","volume":"13","author":"R 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