{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:15:14Z","timestamp":1792023314733,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000}}],"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32430106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32430106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32402875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32400143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32400143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint Research Foundation of Gansu Province","award":["23JRRA1476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA1476"]}]},{"name":"Joint Research Foundation of Gansu Province","award":["23JRRA1480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA1480"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Gansu Province","award":["23ZDNA007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDNA007"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Gansu Province","award":["24ZD13NA008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZD13NA008"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Project for Major International Joint Research Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2022KWZ-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KWZ-05"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CAAS-BRC-LPDC-2025-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-BRC-LPDC-2025-02"]}]},{"name":"SKLADCP","award":["SKLADCP2025HP03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLADCP2025HP03"]}]},{"name":"Earmarked fund for CARS","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"Project of National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an immunosuppressive virus, the occurrence of secondary bacterial infection following porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) infection is widely recognized. The immune escape capability of PRRSV-2 enables the virus to maintain efficient proliferation even within macrophages. In this study, we report that PRRSV-2 infection disrupts the intracellular F-actin, thereby causing the inability of macrophage lysosomes to transport to secondary infected bacteria promptly for bacterial clearance. RhoA is a crucial molecule in the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin within the cell. Silencing RhoA suppresses the production of F-actin in the cell, delays the targeted clearance of bacteria by lysosomes, and leads to an increase in the number of viable bacteria within the cell. Overexpression of RhoA promotes the production of F-actin, accelerates the targeted clearance of lysosomes to bacteria, and effectively reduces the number of viable bacteria. After PRRSV-2 infection, the expression of RhoA protein is down-regulated by nsp5 to inhibit the production of F-actin. Mechanistically, nsp5 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 to mediate K63-linked ubiquitination of RhoA at lysine 187 (K187), which subsequently leads to its degradation via the autophagy-lysosome pathway under the guidance of the selective autophagy receptor TOLLIP. Therefore, our study presents a novel mechanism through which PRRSV-2 reprograms the cytoskeleton to facilitate the survival of bacteria in secondary infections, providing a theoretical foundation and target for the prevention and control of PRRSV-2 secondary bacterial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:39:26Z","timestamp":1772217566000},"page":"e1014000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PRRSV-2 impedes lysosomes from eliminating secondary infected bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zifang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingtong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-2608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53076-w","article-title":"Untangling lineage introductions, persistence and transmission drivers of HP-PRRSV sublineage 8.7","volume":"15","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref002","article-title":"The full-length nsp2 replicase contributes to viral assembly in highly pathogenic PRRSV-2","volume":"99","author":"Y-Z Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014000.ref003","article-title":"Tripartite motif 25 inhibits protein aggregate degradation during PRRSV infection by suppressing p62-mediated autophagy","volume":"98","author":"J Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref004","article-title":"A clinically attenuated double-mutant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 that does not prompt overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines during co-infection with a secondary pathogen","volume":"20","author":"C-M Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.03.035","article-title":"Secondary Haemophilus parasuis infection enhances highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection-mediated inflammatory responses","volume":"204","author":"J Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014000.ref006","first-page":"365","article-title":"Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in Glaesserella-parasuis-Infected Piglets","volume":"10","author":"Z Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014000.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.456","article-title":"Characteristics of Aerococcus viridans isolated from porcine fetuses in Korean farms","volume":"7","author":"VG Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.01.008","article-title":"Microbial species and biodiversity in settling dust within and between pig farms","volume":"171","author":"JK White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.01.002","article-title":"Molecular and antibiotic susceptibility characterization of Aerococcus viridans isolated from porcine urinary infection","volume":"184","author":"LZ Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.10.024","article-title":"Acute meningitis of piglets and mice caused by co-infected with Streptococcus suis and Aerococcus viridans","volume":"106","author":"Z Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.02.016","article-title":"Adherent\/invasive capacities of bovine-associated Aerococcus viridans contribute to pathogenesis of acute mastitis in a murine model","volume":"230","author":"G Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1014000.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16670","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316670","article-title":"Aerococcus viridans Phage Lysin AVPL Had Lytic Activity against Streptococcus suis in a Mouse Bacteremia Model","volume":"24","author":"H Xi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.096","article-title":"Management and treatment of Aerococcus bacteremia and endocarditis","volume":"102","author":"DBG Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.09.011","article-title":"Molecular cloning, genomic organization and antibacterial activity of a second isoform of antilipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) from the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain","volume":"30","author":"C Imjongjirak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.015","article-title":"ABCG2 is an itaconate exporter that limits antibacterial innate immunity by alleviating TFEB-dependent lysosomal biogenesis","volume":"36","author":"C Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014000.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00605-w","article-title":"TFEB induces mitochondrial itaconate synthesis to suppress bacterial growth in macrophages","volume":"4","author":"E-M Schuster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014000.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309664121","article-title":"Polyphosphate kinase-1 regulates bacterial and host metabolic pathways involved in pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"121","author":"S Chugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014000.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.05.009","article-title":"Itaconate is a lysosomal inducer that promotes antibacterial innate immunity","volume":"82","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014000.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01231-0","article-title":"pH sensing controls tissue inflammation by modulating cellular metabolism and endo-lysosomal function of immune cells","volume":"23","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014000.ref020","article-title":"Bacteria-organelle communication in physiology and disease","volume":"223","author":"Y-T Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014000.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.011","article-title":"The phosphoinositide phosphatase SopB manipulates membrane surface charge and trafficking of the Salmonella-containing vacuole","volume":"7","author":"MA Bakowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014000.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006459","article-title":"Leishmania donovani resides in modified early endosomes by upregulating Rab5a expression via the downregulation of miR-494","volume":"13","author":"JK Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"27","key":"ppat.1014000.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012809","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipid mediated lysosomal rewiring in infected macrophages modulates intracellular Mtb trafficking and survival","volume":"295","author":"K Sachdeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6496","key":"ppat.1014000.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay7794","article-title":"Membrane-proximal F-actin restricts local membrane protrusions and directs cell migration","volume":"368","author":"A Bisaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34715-6","article-title":"F-actin architecture determines constraints on myosin thick filament motion","volume":"13","author":"CG Muresan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014000.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00613-y","article-title":"The multiple links between actin and mitochondria","volume":"24","author":"TS Fung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7935","key":"ppat.1014000.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05241-8","article-title":"Structural basis of actin filament assembly and aging","volume":"611","author":"W Oosterheert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.001","article-title":"Caspase-11 promotes the fusion of phagosomes harboring pathogenic bacteria with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization","volume":"37","author":"A Akhter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014000.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010145","article-title":"A unique NLRC4 receptor from echinoderms mediates Vibrio phagocytosis via rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and polymerization of F-actin","volume":"17","author":"K Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"29","key":"ppat.1014000.ref030","article-title":"Viral evasion of PKR restriction by reprogramming cellular stress granules","volume":"119","author":"P Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014000.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13072","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus NADC30-like strain accelerates Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in vivo and in vitro","volume":"66","author":"J Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transboundary and emerging diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014000.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00682-z","article-title":"Patterning of the cell cortex by Rho GTPases","volume":"25","author":"WM Bement","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"31","key":"ppat.1014000.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19208","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.645358","article-title":"Hypertension-causing Mutations in Cullin3 Protein Impair RhoA Protein Ubiquitination and Augment the Association with Substrate Adaptors","volume":"290","author":"S-RC Ibeawuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014000.ref034","article-title":"Smurf1 regulates ameloblast polarization by ubiquitination-mediated degradation of RhoA","volume":"56","author":"H Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.11.007","article-title":"AAMP promotes colorectal cancermetastasis by suppressing SMURF2-mediatedubiquitination and degradation of RhoA","volume":"23","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014000.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01172-2","article-title":"COVID-19-associated fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014000.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.03.018","article-title":"Bacterial coinfections in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"29","author":"LF Westblade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00355-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"BJ Langford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03218-23","article-title":"Two complete 1918 influenza A\/H1N1 pandemic virus genomes characterized by next-generation sequencing using RNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy lung tissue samples along with evidence of secondary bacterial co-infection","volume":"15","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01312-0","article-title":"The impacts of viral infection and subsequent antimicrobials on the microbiome-resistome of growing pigs","volume":"10","author":"TN Gaire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-013120-044226","article-title":"Local and Systemic T Cell Immunity in Fighting Pig Viral and Bacterial Infections","volume":"10","author":"W Gerner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014000.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00036-16","article-title":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Utilizes Nanotubes for Intercellular Spread","volume":"90","author":"R Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014000.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06928-8","article-title":"Untangling the role of RhoA in the heart: protective effect and mechanism","volume":"15","author":"S Miyamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.04.130","article-title":"RhoA and Rac1 contribute to type III group B streptococcal invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"345","author":"S Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18479","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18479","article-title":"Caspase-11 and caspase-1 differentially modulate actin polymerization via RhoA and Slingshot proteins to promote bacterial clearance","volume":"5","author":"K Caution","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1014000.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01928","article-title":"A Small GTPase, RhoA, Inhibits Bacterial Infection Through Integrin Mediated Phagocytosis in Invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"J-D Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014000.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5326-5336.2005","article-title":"RhoA signaling is required for respiratory syncytial virus-induced syncytium formation and filamentous virion morphology","volume":"79","author":"TL Gower","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014000.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02436-20","article-title":"Microfilaments and microtubules alternately coordinate the multi-step endosomal trafficking of Classical Swine Fever Virus","volume":"95","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/157016211794582605","article-title":"A RhoA-derived peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry in vitro","volume":"9","author":"M Maselko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014000.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107384","article-title":"F-actin nanostructures rearrangements and regulation are essential for SARS-CoV-2 particle production in host pulmonary cells","volume":"26","author":"J Swain","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"48","key":"ppat.1014000.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2407835121","article-title":"HIV-1 budding requires cortical actin disassembly by the oxidoreductase MICAL1","volume":"121","author":"T Serrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014000.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.006","article-title":"Vaccinia virus F11 promotes viral spread by acting as a PDZ-containing scaffolding protein to bind myosin-9A and inhibit RhoA signaling","volume":"14","author":"Y Handa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01863-21","article-title":"Induction of HOXA3 by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Response through Negative Regulation of HO-1 Transcription","volume":"96","author":"Y Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014000.ref054","article-title":"Coronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Utilizes Chemokine Interleukin-8 to Facilitate Viral Replication by Regulating Ca2+ Flux","volume":"97","author":"X Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014000.ref055","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Cell Tropism","volume":"13","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014000.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01549-24","article-title":"Host cells reprogram lipid droplet synthesis through YY1 to resist PRRSV infection","volume":"15","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014000.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01863-21","article-title":"Induction of HOXA3 by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Response through Negative Regulation of HO-1 Transcription","volume":"96","author":"Y Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:46:13Z","timestamp":1772649973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}