{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:40:46Z","timestamp":1780526446390,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014021","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 32470207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32470207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 32070140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32070140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["No. 2021J02026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021J02026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015976","name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SKLPBS2434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPBS2434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","award":["KFB24088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFB24088"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the second most prevalent species of\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    causing invasive aspergillosis, but its treatment efforts had been hindered by the continuous emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the role of the chromatin remodeling factor Arp9 in\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    drug-resistant. We show that Arp9 up-regulates the chromatin accessibility of the\n                    <jats:italic>Erg3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Erg6<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoters, thereby increasing their transcription levels and enhancing ergosterol synthesis. Therefore, the absence of Arp9 enhances\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensitivity to amphotericin B (AMB). Additionally, by down-regulating chromatin accessibility of\n                    <jats:italic>Erg11A<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene promoter, Arp9 leads to the decrease of its transcription level and subsequently reduces\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance to voriconazole (VOR). Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Arp9 exists in both SWI\/SNF and RSC complex. Drug susceptibility test results indicated that the drug sensitivity response induced by Arp9 may be unique to Arp9, as neither SWP82 of the SWI\/SNF nor Sth1 of the RSC is required. The role of Arp9 in drug-resistance was also confirmed using the\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. Furthermore, we found that VOR induces aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis in an Arp9-dependent manner at 35\u00b0C and 37\u00b0C, and the effect is dramatically magnified in the VOR-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain. This study demonstrates that Arp9 plays a critical role in regulating fungal drug-resistance\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and revealed that Arp9 is an important factor in enhancing AFB1 biosynthesis under Mammalian physiological temperatures. This study provides potential new insights for the control of the infections caused by filamentous pathogenic fungi.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:39:02Z","timestamp":1772476742000},"page":"e1014021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The chromatin remodeling factor Arp9 modulates drug-resistance and plays a key role in aflatoxins biosynthesis under mammalian-physiological-temperature in Aspergillus flavus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangfu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0968-6507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014021.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030055","article-title":"Invasive Aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Antifungal Resistance, and Management","volume":"5","author":"SM Rudramurthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014021.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00727-z","article-title":"Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis: How It\u2019s Going, Where It\u2019s Heading","volume":"188","author":"J Boyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ppat.1014021.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis: From basics to clinics","volume":"100","author":"A Arastehfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Mycol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014021.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01172-2","article-title":"COVID-19-associated fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014021.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/1951062a0","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus and turkey X disease. 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