{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:24:11Z","timestamp":1790162651585,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000}}],"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107475\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107475\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellh\u00c3\u00b6fer Foundation","award":["824000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020613","name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00c3\u00a4t W\u00c3\u00bcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH_2017_013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH_2017_013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020613","name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00c3\u00a4t W\u00c3\u00bcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KR_2022_023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR_2022_023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal zoonosis caused by infiltrative growth of the metacestode larva of the tapeworm\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in host organs. We previously showed that the\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    metacestode is an evolutionarily unique, broadly posteriorized tissue, leading us to hypothesize that canonical WNT (cWNT) signalling, which patterns the body axis across metazoans, might be critical for metacestode formation. Here, we report effective RNAi-mediated knockdown of the\n                    <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b2-catenin gene (\n                    <jats:italic>bcat-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the central effector of cWNT signalling, in a primary parasite cell culture system that produces metacestode vesicles.\n                    <jats:italic>bcat-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (RNAi) cultures were markedly impaired in vesicle formation, exhibited stem-cell hyperproliferation, and displayed changes in muscle-fibre organisation. Genome-wide transcriptomics revealed a general anteriorization of gene expression, and\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization showed an overproduction of cells expressing head-inducing factors such as\n                    <jats:italic>sfrp<\/jats:italic>\n                    upon\n                    <jats:italic>bcat-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockdown. Conversely, metacestode-specific genes including the tegumental factors\n                    <jats:italic>muc-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TNFR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and antigen B as well as the posterior marker\n                    <jats:italic>post2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly downregulated, consistent with the observed vesicle-formation defects.\n                    <jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    analyses further identified anterior markers\n                    <jats:italic>frizzled-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>nou-darake<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>notum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>follistatin<\/jats:italic>\n                    that were overexpressed in\n                    <jats:italic>bcat-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (RNAi) cultures and localized to the future anterior pole at the earliest stages of protoscolex formation. Together, these findings establish a central role for cWNT signalling in directing\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    body-axis formation and the posteriorization events driving metacestode growth within the host, providing insight into asexual parasite proliferation mediated by this biologically unique larval stage and pointing to potential targets for chemotherapy against AE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:45:12Z","timestamp":1774287912000},"page":"e1014046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Canonical WNT signalling governs Echinococcus metacestode development"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Herz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akito","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Spiliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Holroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Koziol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Berriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-824X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Klaus","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002","article-title":"Ecology and life cycle patterns of echinococcus species","volume":"95","author":"T Romig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014046.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9139-5-10","article-title":"The unique stem cell system of the immortal larva of the human parasite Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"5","author":"U Koziol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evodevo"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.001","article-title":"Echinococcus-host interactions at cellular and molecular levels","volume":"95","author":"K Brehm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.001","article-title":"Biology and systematics of Echinococcus","volume":"95","author":"RCA Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-016-0233-x","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Wnt expression identifies a highly conserved developmental transition in flatworms","volume":"14","author":"U Koziol","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunology of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis (AE and CE)","volume":"96","author":"B Gottstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","article-title":"The Echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease","volume":"96","author":"P Kern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"0","key":"ppat.1014046.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60190-6","article-title":"Functional morphology of cestode larvae","volume":"11","author":"J Slais","year":"1973","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7802-1_2","article-title":"Stem cells, patterning and regeneration in planarians: self-organization at the organismal scale","volume":"1774","author":"JC Rink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5861","key":"ppat.1014046.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150029","article-title":"Beta-catenin defines head versus tail identity during planarian regeneration and homeostasis","volume":"319","author":"KA Gurley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113451ma","article-title":"Wnt signaling in planarians: new answers to old questions","volume":"56","author":"M Almuedo-Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"issue":"5861","key":"ppat.1014046.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149943","article-title":"Smed-betacatenin-1 is required for anteroposterior blastema polarity in planarian regeneration","volume":"319","author":"CP Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014046.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.035","article-title":"Wnt signaling and the polarity of the primary body axis","volume":"139","author":"CP Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12845","article-title":"Two FGFRL-Wnt circuits organize the planarian anteroposterior axis","volume":"5","author":"ML Scimone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014046.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.07.022","article-title":"Muscle cells provide instructions for planarian regeneration","volume":"4","author":"JN Witchley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014046.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.712","article-title":"Muscular remodeling and anteroposterior patterning during tapeworm segmentation","volume":"253","author":"F Jarero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014046.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-019-00632-w","article-title":"Divergent Axin and GSK-3 paralogs in the beta-catenin destruction complexes of tapeworms","volume":"229","author":"J Montagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Genes Evol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.002","article-title":"Transient transfection of Echinococcus multilocularis primary cells and complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles","volume":"38","author":"M Spiliotis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014046.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.07.001","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis primary cells: improved isolation, small-scale cultivation and RNA interference","volume":"174","author":"M Spiliotis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335946","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1335946","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae and germinative cell cultures reveals genes involved in parasite stem cell function","volume":"14","author":"M Herz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014046.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8049","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku480","article-title":"siPools: highly complex but accurately defined siRNA pools eliminate off-target effects","volume":"42","author":"M Hannus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014046.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-24","article-title":"Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"10","author":"U Koziol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1014046.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204781","article-title":"Signals from the head and germinative region differentially regulate regeneration competence of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta","volume":"152","author":"EM Nanista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012562","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling underpins juvenile Fasciola hepatica growth and development","volume":"21","author":"R Armstrong","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1014046.ref025","first-page":"4217","article-title":"Wnt\/Notum spatial feedback inhibition controls neoblast differentiation to regulate reversible growth of the planarian brain","volume":"142","author":"EM Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014046.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906764107","article-title":"Blocking the Wnt pathway, a unifying mechanism for an angiogenic inhibitor in the serine proteinase inhibitor family","volume":"107","author":"B Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1014046.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.18.6672","article-title":"The role of glypican-3 in the regulation of body size and cancer","volume":"7","author":"J Filmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1014046.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.201777","article-title":"aristaless-like homeobox-3 is wound induced and promotes a low-Wnt environment required for planarian head regeneration","volume":"150","author":"Z Akheralie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2014.03.016","article-title":"Stem cell-dependent formation of a functional anterior regeneration pole in planarians requires Zic and Forkhead transcription factors","volume":"390","author":"MC Vogg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1014046.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.051","article-title":"Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo","volume":"22","author":"MW Perry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00798","article-title":"Expansion of host regulatory T cells by secreted products of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"11","author":"JK Nono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014046.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08442-4","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis delta\/notch signalling components are expressed in post-mitotic cells","volume":"123","author":"C Speicher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014046.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.12.012","article-title":"Understanding the laminated layer of larval Echinococcus I: structure","volume":"27","author":"A D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014046.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005250","article-title":"Characterisation of antigen B protein species present in the hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus canadensis G7 genotype","volume":"11","author":"AM Folle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01319.x","article-title":"Cestode genomics - progress and prospects for advancing basic and applied aspects of flatworm biology","volume":"34","author":"PD Olson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1014046.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16143","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416143","article-title":"Nuclear S6K1 enhances oncogenic Wnt signaling by inducing Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin transcriptional complex formation","volume":"23","author":"MG Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.021","article-title":"The cellular and molecular basis for planarian regeneration","volume":"175","author":"PW Reddien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12850","article-title":"Wnt, Ptk7, and FGFRL expression gradients control trunk positional identity in planarian regeneration","volume":"5","author":"R Lander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00247","article-title":"Tissue absence initiates regeneration through follistatin-mediated inhibition of activin signaling","volume":"2","author":"MA Gavi\u00f1o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014046.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214053110","article-title":"Follistatin antagonizes activin signaling and acts with notum to direct planarian head regeneration","volume":"110","author":"RH Roberts-Galbraith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153117","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1153117","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signalling regulates protoscolex formation in the Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode","volume":"13","author":"M Kaethner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014046.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006959","article-title":"The role of fibroblast growth factor signalling in Echinococcus multilocularis development and host-parasite interaction","volume":"13","author":"S F\u00f6rster","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.12.004","article-title":"Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) of cestodes","volume":"180","author":"U Koziol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014046.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.08.010","article-title":"Gene silencing in Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces using RNA interference","volume":"59","author":"C Mizukami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1014046.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182471","article-title":"Silencing TUBB3 expression destroys the tegument and flame cells of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces","volume":"12","author":"Q Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014046.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007932","article-title":"Deciphering the role of miR-71 in Echinococcus multilocularis early development in vitro","volume":"13","author":"MG P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014046.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009466","article-title":"activin-2 is required for regeneration of polarity on the planarian anterior-posterior axis","volume":"17","author":"JK Cloutier","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"35","key":"ppat.1014046.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23956","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800351200","article-title":"Smad7 stabilizes beta-catenin binding to E-cadherin complex and promotes cell-cell adhesion","volume":"283","author":"Y Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"29","key":"ppat.1014046.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100160108","article-title":"Smad6 promotes neuronal differentiation in the intermediate zone of the dorsal neural tube by inhibition of the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"108","author":"Z Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.03.019","article-title":"The laminated layer: Recent advances and insights into Echinococcus biology and evolution","volume":"158","author":"\u00c1 D\u00edaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014046.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003552","article-title":"Lipid-free antigen B subunits from echinococcus granulosus: oligomerization, ligand binding, and membrane interaction properties","volume":"9","author":"V Silva-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1014046.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13922","article-title":"Molecular regulation and pharmacological targeting of the \u03b2-catenin destruction complex","volume":"174","author":"EC van Kappel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014046.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.504","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis infection of several Old World monkey species in a breeding enclosure","volume":"77","author":"D Tappe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-204-5_17","article-title":"Axenic in vitro cultivation of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode vesicles and the generation of primary cell cultures","volume":"470","author":"M Spiliotis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014046.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005618","article-title":"Development of a movement-based in vitro screening assay for the identification of new anti-cestodal compounds","volume":"11","author":"D Ritler","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014046.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010483","article-title":"Targeting Echinococcus multilocularis PIM kinase for improving anti-parasitic chemotherapy","volume":"16","author":"A Koike","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014046.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008890","article-title":"Extracellular non-coding RNA signatures of the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"14","author":"ME Ancarola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014046.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04306-1","article-title":"Web-based LinRegPCR: application for the visualization and analysis of (RT)-qPCR amplification and melting data","volume":"22","author":"A Untergasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014046.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"D Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"S Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014046.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3252","article-title":"Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor","volume":"12","author":"W Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"7443","key":"ppat.1014046.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12031","article-title":"The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism","volume":"496","author":"IJ Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1014046.ref064","article-title":"WormBase 2016: expanding to enable helminth genomic research","volume":"44","author":"KL Howe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014046.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3252","article-title":"Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor","volume":"12","author":"W Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:58:50Z","timestamp":1774634330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}