{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:39:31Z","timestamp":1792802371136,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X009823\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X009823\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michael Beverley Innovation Fellowship"},{"name":"The School of Biology, University of Leeds","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["127410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["127410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["White Rose DTP Generation Research studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["White Rose DTP Generation Research studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The root-knot nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Meloidogyne incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a globally significant plant parasite that causes substantial crop losses. While pre-parasitic juveniles rely on innate energy reserves, later life stages acquire nutrients from host plants through specialized feeding structures. SWEET (\n                    <jats:italic>Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes exhibit a conserved sugar transporting ability across all kingdoms of life, yet their function in plant-parasitic nematodes remains underexplored. Here, we functionally characterise the SWEET gene family in\n                    <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic>\n                    , revealing their critical and stage-specific roles in nematode development and parasitism. We demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET<\/jats:italic>\n                    s segregate into two functional groups: those that facilitate mobility and invasion in motile juveniles (\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET2, 4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and those support nutrient uptake during feeding (\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET3, 5, 7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Although temporally distinct, all SWEET genes localise to the intestine, suggesting a conserved role in mediating sugar flux. Knockdown of\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET4<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduced root invasion, while silencing\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET3, 5,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>7<\/jats:italic>\n                    impaired post-invasion growth, highlighting the varied roles of this large gene family across different life stages. Yeast complementation assays revealed distinct substrate preferences among Mi-SWEETs, aligning with the metabolic needs of different life stages. The transcription factor HBL1, a key regulator of nematode dietary responses, was found to control the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-SWEET3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and is itself regulated through interaction with the post-transcriptional regulatory microRNA\n                    <jats:italic>let-7<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings provide new insights into the metabolic adaptations and energy utilisation of plant-parasitic nematodes and outline a microRNA - transcription factor - target gene regulatory network. These findings have broader relevance given the fundamental importance of the regulation of resource transportation in plant-pathogen interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:27:07Z","timestamp":1778088427000},"page":"e1014161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The stage-specific regulation and role of root-knot nematode SWEET genes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M. Willow H.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Rohilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Chippendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-2793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014161.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1364-3703.2003.00170.x","article-title":"Root-knot nematode parasitism and host response: molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction","volume":"4","author":"P Abad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Plant 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juveniles","volume":"43","author":"AEP Christophers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014161.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00003212","article-title":"Estimation of lipid reserves in different life stages of Meloidogyne incognita using image analysis of Nile Red-stained nematodes","volume":"21","author":"TN Shivakumara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014161.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00002871","article-title":"Correlations among methods to estimate lipid reserves of second-stage juveniles and its relationships with infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita","volume":"17","author":"FS Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nematol"},{"key":"ppat.1014161.ref007","first-page":"102","article-title":"Effect of temperature and time on the survival and energy reserves of juveniles of Meloidogyne 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