{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:34:45Z","timestamp":1787726085625,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014166","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Alliance Grant ALLRP 571218-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Alliance Grant ALLRP 571218-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009192","name":"Alberta Innovates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201600023, 222300851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201600023, 222300851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI156037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI156037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2-20-04581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2-20-04581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032757","name":"RDAR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025T3838R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025T3838R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032757","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"AEPA","award":["128153289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128153289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a strictly fatal and highly contagious prion disease of wild and farmed cervids currently expanding in North America. Prion diseases are caused by conversion of the cellular prion protein to its pathological isoform PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Vaccination is considered a promising strategy to contain CWD, even though prion diseases do not show classical immune responses. For CWD containment, it is important that vaccines reduce shedding of prions in excreta, a major contributor to transmission. Here, we tested the effect of vaccines on prion shedding in feces and urine by vaccinating and prion infecting knock-in mice that recapitulate CWD pathogenesis as found in cervids. Vaccination reduced or even prevented CWD shedding in feces and urine collected between 30\u201390% of incubation time to disease. This is the first report showing that prion shedding can be blocked in a prion disease. For CWD specifically it may reduce the environmental prion burden and break the disease transmission cycle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:03:22Z","timestamp":1777061002000},"page":"e1014166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prion shedding is reduced by chronic wasting disease vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Ahmed-Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yo-Ching","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimon\u00e9 S.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lech","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-5509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walker S.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Gilch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-8740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hermann M.","family":"Sch\u00e4tzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4542","key":"ppat.1014166.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762","article-title":"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie","volume":"216","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1014166.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13363","article-title":"Prions","volume":"95","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1014166.ref003","author":"USGS","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014166.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.1.89","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"ES Williams","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014166.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-023-03749-7","article-title":"Vaccines for prion diseases: a realistic goal?","volume":"392","author":"S Napper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014166.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00606-x","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in Europe: new strains on the horizon","volume":"63","author":"MA Tranulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014166.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1794-z","article-title":"Prion protein polymorphisms associated with reduced CWD susceptibility limit peripheral PrPCWD deposition in orally infected white-tailed deer","volume":"15","author":"A Otero","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014166.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81999-0","article-title":"Patterns of PrPCWD accumulation during the course of chronic wasting disease infection in orally inoculated mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)","volume":"87","author":"KA Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014166.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.10.010","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease","volume":"1772","author":"CJ Sigurdson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1014166.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00425-11","article-title":"Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in salivary, urinary, and intestinal tissues of deer: potential mechanisms of prion shedding and transmission","volume":"85","author":"NJ Haley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1014166.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01118-15","article-title":"Longitudinal Detection of Prion Shedding in Saliva and Urine by Chronic Wasting Disease-Infected Deer by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion","volume":"89","author":"DM Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014166.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005916","article-title":"Infectious prions in pre-clinical deer and transmission of chronic wasting disease solely by environmental exposure","volume":"4","author":"CK Mathiason","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014166.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071390","article-title":"Transmission, strain diversity, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease","volume":"14","author":"S 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Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1014166.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404772101","article-title":"Humoral immune response to native eukaryotic prion protein correlates with anti-prion protection","author":"M Polymenidou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014166.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2797","article-title":"Polylactide-coglycolide microspheres co-encapsulating recombinant tandem prion protein with CpG-oligonucleotide break self-tolerance to prion protein in wild-type mice and induce CD4 and CD8 T cell responses","volume":"179","author":"G Kaiser-Schulz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014166.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11235-8","article-title":"Immunization of cervidized transgenic mice with multimeric deer prion protein induces self-antibodies that antagonize chronic wasting disease infectivity in vitro","volume":"7","author":"DH Abdelaziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"51","key":"ppat.1014166.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19812","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004810","article-title":"Recombinant prion protein vaccination of transgenic elk PrP mice and reindeer overcomes self-tolerance and protects mice against chronic wasting disease","volume":"293","author":"DH Abdelaziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1014166.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156451","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1156451","article-title":"Oral vaccination as a potential strategy to manage chronic wasting disease in wild cervid populations","volume":"14","author":"S Napper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014166.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221060120","article-title":"Heterozygosity for cervid S138N polymorphism results in subclinical CWD in gene-targeted mice and progressive inhibition of prion conversion","volume":"120","author":"MI Arifin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"25","key":"ppat.1014166.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12478","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903947116","article-title":"Primary structural differences at residue 226 of deer and elk PrP dictate selection of distinct CWD prion strains in gene-targeted mice","volume":"116","author":"J Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014166.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.425","article-title":"Detection of PrPCWD in feces from naturally exposed Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using protein misfolding cyclic amplification","volume":"48","author":"B Pulford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Wildl 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J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014166.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166187","article-title":"Early and Non-Invasive Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Feces by Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion","volume":"11","author":"YC Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014166.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.036","article-title":"Grass plants bind, retain, uptake, and transport infectious prions","volume":"11","author":"S Pritzkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014166.ref048","article-title":"Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in the farm soil of the Republic of Korea","volume":"10","author":"K-J Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"25","key":"ppat.1014166.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04633","article-title":"Detection of 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and housed in a prion contaminated environment","volume":"36","author":"ME Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ppat.1014166.ref056","first-page":"95","article-title":"Optimizing prion vaccination in a transgenic mouse model of Gerstmann-Str\u00e4ussler-Scheinker disease","volume":"16","author":"MFA Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prion"},{"issue":"6370","key":"ppat.1014166.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/356577a0","article-title":"Normal development and behaviour of mice lacking the neuronal cell-surface PrP protein","volume":"356","author":"H B\u00fceler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014166.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.3.202","article-title":"Post-natal knockout of prion protein alters hippocampal CA1 properties, but does not result in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"GR Mallucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO 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