{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:24:31Z","timestamp":1790295871698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV), a WHO-priority zoonotic pathogen, poses a recurrent public health threat in India. Since its initial detection in 2001, India has encountered multiple NiV spillover events, including repeated outbreaks in Kerala and recent cases reported in West Bengal in 2026. Although the pig-amplified epidemic in Malaysia (1998\u20131999) and the seasonal outbreaks associated with NiV-contaminated date palm sap consumption in Bangladesh are extensively documented, India represents a unique and relatively understudied epidemiological setting. NiV outbreaks in India are primarily linked to the NiV-Bangladesh clade and are marked by direct spillover transmission from bats to humans, elevated case-fatality rates, clustered emergence, and effective household\/nosocomial transmission without an intermediate amplifying host. Spillover risk is influenced by region-specific ecological and socio-economic factors, including contamination of peri-domestic fruit, proximity of bat roosts to human settlements, deforestation, and urban expansion. To date, no treatment or vaccine is available for humans or animals. This review synthesizes evidence from India spanning 2001 to 2026. It integrates aspects of epidemiology, bat reservoir ecology, viral genomics, clinical manifestations, surveillance experiences, and health system responses, while contrasting India\u2019s transmission dynamics with those observed in Malaysia and Bangladesh. Furthermore, we explore India\u2019s current preparedness and response strategies, highlighting the critical shift from reactive outbreak control to a proactive, integrated \u201cOne Health\u201d framework. The strategy to strengthen integrated surveillance, contact tracing, isolation, and quarantine of suspected and confirmed cases, advance India-developed vaccines and therapeutics, and address the root ecological drivers of zoonotic emergence is essential for national and global health security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:37:28Z","timestamp":1779298648000},"page":"e1014226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Nipah virus threat in India: Epidemiological trends, risk drivers, and lessons for pandemic preparedness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"name":"Apoorva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-1169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunit K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2019.1580827","article-title":"Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review","volume":"39","author":"RK Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00268-8","article-title":"Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"KB Chua","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"5470","key":"ppat.1014226.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5470.1432","article-title":"Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus","volume":"288","author":"KB Chua","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100103","article-title":"Nipah virus outbreak trends in Bangladesh during the period 2001 to 2024: a brief review","volume":"4","author":"A Bhowmik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci One Health"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100434","article-title":"Twenty-five years of Nipah outbreaks in Southeast Asia: a persistent threat to global health","volume":"13","author":"S Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nipah virus. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/nipah-virus. 2024. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Nipah virus. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nipah-virus\/about\/index.html. 2024. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100968","article-title":"Genomic characterization of Nipah virus, West Bengal, India","volume":"17","author":"VA Arankalle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.051247","article-title":"Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India","volume":"12","author":"MS Chadha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.181076","article-title":"Nipah virus sequences from humans and bats during Nipah outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018","volume":"25","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014226.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy612","article-title":"Outbreak investigation of Nipah virus disease in Kerala, India, 2018","volume":"219","author":"G Arunkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref012","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological presentations and management of Nipah virus infection during the outbreak in Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India","volume":"96","author":"K A","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014226.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102782","article-title":"Encephalitis-predominant Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala, India during 2024","volume":"18","author":"RR Sahay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref014","unstructured":"Nipah alert in West Bengal: Pune lab confirms 2 samples; both nurses critical, over 120 contacts in home. Times of India; 2026."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref015","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia. Biweekly epidemiological bulletin. Report No. 2026."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref016","first-page":"20499361231208535","article-title":"Recent Nipah virus outbreak in India: lessons and imperatives","volume":"10","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014226.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003926","article-title":"Pandemic potential of the Nipah virus and public health strategies adopted during outbreaks: lessons from Kerala, India","volume":"4","author":"TS Anish","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010124","article-title":"Nipah virus: a zoonotic threat re-emerging in the wake of global public health challenges","volume":"13","author":"F Branda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1093","article-title":"Spatial association between a Nipah virus outbreak in India and Nipah virus infection in Pteropus bats","volume":"69","author":"DT Mourya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_4_19","article-title":"Dissecting an outbreak: a clinico-epidemiological study of Nipah virus infection in Kerala, India, 2018","volume":"12","author":"B Pallivalappil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref021","first-page":"104599","article-title":"A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: an urgent rising concern","volume":"82","author":"O Uwishema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020169","article-title":"The ecology of Nipah virus in Bangladesh: a nexus of land-use change and opportunistic feeding behavior in bats","volume":"13","author":"CD McKee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342170","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1342170","article-title":"Surveillance of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius of Kerala state, India, 2023","volume":"15","author":"R Balasubramanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101800","article-title":"Serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat population of southern part of India","volume":"85","author":"M Gokhale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05865-7","article-title":"Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India","volume":"21","author":"AB Sudeep","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p2117","article-title":"Nipah virus: India\u2019s Kerala state moves quickly to control fresh outbreak","volume":"382","author":"K Thiagarajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007393","article-title":"Prioritizing surveillance of Nipah virus in India","volume":"13","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.181352","article-title":"Infections among contacts of patients with Nipah virus, India","volume":"25","author":"CPG Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref029","article-title":"Nipah virus outbreaks in India: a comprehensive update","volume":"17","author":"S Veggalam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014226.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102062","article-title":"Nipah virus: an overview of the current status of diagnostics and their role in preparedness in endemic countries","volume":"15","author":"AR Garbuglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01381-8","article-title":"Molecular biology of Hendra and Nipah viruses","volume":"3","author":"L Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020007","article-title":"Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus","volume":"2","author":"OA Negrete","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7049","key":"ppat.1014226.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03838","article-title":"EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus","volume":"436","author":"OA Negrete","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are we ready to fight the Nipah virus pandemic? An overview of drug targets, current medications, and potential leads","author":"S Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"ppat.1014226.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.22.11476-11483.2002","article-title":"Nipah virus V protein evades alpha and gamma interferons by preventing STAT1 and STAT2 activation and nuclear accumulation","volume":"76","author":"JJ Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02797-5","article-title":"Nipah virus W protein harnesses nuclear 14-3-3 to inhibit NF-\u03baB-induced proinflammatory response","volume":"4","author":"F Ench\u00e9ry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014226.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5633-5641.2004","article-title":"Nipah virus V and W proteins have a common STAT1-binding domain yet inhibit STAT1 activation from the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, respectively","volume":"78","author":"ML Shaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012709","article-title":"The nonstructural proteins of Nipah virus play a key role in pathogenicity in experimentally infected animals","volume":"5","author":"M Yoneda","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref039","first-page":"24","article-title":"Evolution of Nipah virus infection: past, present, and future considerations","volume":"6","author":"N Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinpr.2024.100390","article-title":"Addressing the Nipah virus threat: a call for global vigilance and coordinated action","volume":"24","author":"P Mohapatra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref041","article-title":"The immunobiology of Nipah virus","volume":"10","author":"YJM Liew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014226.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.13098","article-title":"Bioinformatic investigation of Nipah virus surface protein mutations: molecular docking with Ephrin B2 receptor, molecular dynamics simulation, and structural impact analysis","volume":"67","author":"E Akta\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1014226.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9211","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2153169","article-title":"Molecular docking and dynamics studies for the identification of Nipah virus glycoprotein inhibitors from Indian medicinal plants","volume":"41","author":"CS Abhinand","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014226.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7546","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00190-06","article-title":"Evidence of a potential receptor-binding site on the Nipah virus G protein (NiV-G): identification of globular head residues with a role in fusion promotion and their localization on an NiV-G structural model","volume":"80","author":"V Guillaume","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"30","key":"ppat.1014226.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504887102","article-title":"Ephrin-B2 ligand is a functional receptor for Hendra virus and Nipah virus","volume":"102","author":"MI Bonaparte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014226.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4878-4889.2006","article-title":"N-glycans on Nipah virus fusion protein protect against neutralization but reduce membrane fusion and viral entry","volume":"80","author":"HC Aguilar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.02.030","article-title":"Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor-binding protein","volume":"188","author":"BB Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref048","article-title":"Functional and antigenic constraints on the Nipah virus fusion protein","author":"BB Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014226.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.05.012","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of Nipah virus infection: a mini review","volume":"9","author":"S Angeletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24345","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Nipah virus","volume":"88","author":"A Lo Presti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.111492","article-title":"Characterization of Nipah virus from outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008-2010","volume":"18","author":"MK Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref052","first-page":"63","article-title":"Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia","volume":"29","author":"L-M Looi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-9-2151","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequences of Nipah virus isolates from Malaysia","volume":"82","author":"YP Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206933","article-title":"Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh: a deadly infectious disease","volume":"1","author":"M Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHO South East Asia J Public Health"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.818545","article-title":"Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala State, India amidst of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493428","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493428","article-title":"Nipah virus survey in Pteropus medius of eastern and northeastern region of India, 2022-2023","volume":"15","author":"S Mohandas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10212","article-title":"Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis","volume":"51","author":"CT Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref058","first-page":"71","article-title":"Late-onset Nipah virus encephalitis 11 years after the initial outbreak: a case report","volume":"17","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Asia"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref059","article-title":"Nipah virus infection","volume":"56","author":"BSP Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ppat.1014226.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004273421701","article-title":"Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia","volume":"342","author":"KJ Goh","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64493-8","article-title":"Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis","volume":"161","author":"KT Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref062","article-title":"Differences in epidemiologic and clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis between the Malaysian and Bangladesh outbreaks","volume":"13","author":"V Chong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Asia"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040465","article-title":"Nipah virus: past outbreaks and future containment","volume":"12","author":"V Soman Pillai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050936","article-title":"Henipavirus immune evasion and pathogenesis mechanisms: lessons learnt from natural infection and animal models","volume":"14","author":"P Lawrence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010159","article-title":"Nipah virus disease: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and legislative aspects of this unpredictable emerging zoonosis","volume":"13","author":"L Bruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04300-0","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Nipah virus","volume":"195","author":"P Talukdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53037-0","article-title":"Antagonism of STAT1 by Nipah virus P gene products modulates disease course but not lethal outcome in the ferret model","volume":"9","author":"BA Satterfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156758","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1156758","article-title":"Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection","volume":"14","author":"B Escudero-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005880","article-title":"The matrix protein of Nipah virus targets the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM6 to inhibit the IKK\u03b5 kinase-mediated type-I IFN antiviral response","volume":"12","author":"P Bharaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020554","article-title":"Nipah virus impairs autocrine IFN signaling by sequestering STAT1 and STAT2 into inclusion bodies","volume":"15","author":"N Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040961","article-title":"Analysis of Nipah virus replication and host proteome response patterns in differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface","volume":"15","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030291","article-title":"Differential innate immune responses elicited by Nipah virus and cedar virus correlate with disparate in vivo pathogenesis in hamsters","volume":"11","author":"T Schountz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19975.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding of Nipah virus immunopathogenesis and anti-viral approaches","volume":"8","author":"R Pelissier","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007454","article-title":"Peripheral immune response in the African green monkey model following Nipah-Malaysia virus exposure by intermediate-size particle aerosol","volume":"13","author":"A Lara","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014226.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz010","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses in humans during Nipah virus acute and convalescent phases of infection","volume":"69","author":"G Arunkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"31","key":"ppat.1014226.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh4057","article-title":"Single-dose mucosal replicon-particle vaccine protects against lethal Nipah virus infection up to 3 days after vaccination","volume":"9","author":"SR Welch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2023-0233","article-title":"A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics","volume":"19","author":"SK Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno3020011","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Nipah virus infection and associated immune responses","volume":"3","author":"B Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae300","article-title":"Nipah virus-associated neuropathology in African green monkeys during acute disease and convalescence","volume":"231","author":"K Goldin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02747","article-title":"Nipah virus infection of immature dendritic cells increases its transendothelial migration across human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"9","author":"V Tiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014226.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7863","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00549-11","article-title":"Nipah virus uses leukocytes for efficient dissemination within a host","volume":"85","author":"C Mathieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014226.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7528","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7528-7534.2005","article-title":"Invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus","volume":"79","author":"H Weingartl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00736","article-title":"Rapid Nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route","volume":"2","author":"VJ Munster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2019.312","article-title":"Nipah virus encephalitis: MRI findings","volume":"49","author":"AM Anam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2018.01130","article-title":"Nipah virus disease: a rare and intractable disease","volume":"8","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002149","article-title":"Beyond neurology: unravelling Nipah virus\u2019s cardiovascular conundrum-an editorial","volume":"86","author":"A Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0416","article-title":"Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India","volume":"87","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"46","key":"ppat.1014226.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000429117","article-title":"Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans","volume":"117","author":"JH Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014226.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.05.001","article-title":"Detection of possible Nipah virus infection in Rousettus leschenaultii and Pipistrellus Pipistrellus bats in Maharashtra, India","volume":"14","author":"MD Gokhale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1488_16","article-title":"Circulation of Nipah virus in Pteropus giganteus bats in northeast region of India, 2015","volume":"147","author":"P Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014226.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.061128","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community","volume":"13","author":"ES Gurley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014226.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102949","article-title":"The deadly drink: Nipah virus transmission through date palm sap, cultural practices and the evolution of behavioral interventions in Bangladesh over two decades","volume":"18","author":"D Yeasmin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0656","article-title":"Date palm sap linked to Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh, 2008","volume":"12","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"66","key":"ppat.1014226.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0223","article-title":"Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis","volume":"9","author":"JRC Pulliam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0166","article-title":"Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"AM Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014226.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy357","article-title":"Experimental infection of syrian hamsters with aerosolized Nipah virus","volume":"218","author":"O Escaffre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011617","article-title":"Tackling a global epidemic threat: Nipah surveillance in Bangladesh, 2006-2021","volume":"17","author":"SM Satter","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.161922","article-title":"Convergence of humans, bats, trees, and culture in Nipah virus transmission, Bangladesh","volume":"23","author":"ES Gurley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref099","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Effective containment of the Nipah virus outbreak in India highlights the importance of a strong health system. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-07-2018-effective-containment-of-the-nipah-virus-outbreak-in-india-highlights-the-importance-of-a-strong-health-system. 2018. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092057","article-title":"Aerosol survival, disinfection and formalin inactivation of Nipah virus","volume":"14","author":"SJ Smither","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415921-1.00028-2","article-title":"Developing culturally appropriate interventions to prevent person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh: cultural epidemiology in action.","volume-title":"When culture impacts health","author":"MS Islam","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059513","article-title":"Home ranges, directionality and the influence of moon phases on the movement ecology of Indian flying fox males in southern India","volume":"12","author":"B Murugavel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042203","article-title":"Bats as viral reservoirs","volume":"3","author":"DTS Hayman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051100","article-title":"Climate anomalies and spillover of bat-borne viral diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region and the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"14","author":"A Latinne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_4717_20","article-title":"Standardization & validation of Truenat\u2122 point-of-care test for rapid diagnosis of Nipah","volume":"154","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014226.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00262-7","article-title":"Measures to prevent and treat Nipah virus disease: research priorities for 2024-29","volume":"24","author":"KA Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199130","article-title":"Rapid detection of Nipah virus using the one-pot RPA-CRISPR\/Cas13a assay","volume":"332","author":"J Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040483","article-title":"Implementation of RT-RAA and CRISPR\/Cas13a for an NiV Point-of-care test: a promising tool for disease control","volume":"17","author":"J Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117141","article-title":"Nipah virus as a pandemic threat: current knowledge, diagnostic gaps, and future research priorities","volume":"114","author":"S Asokan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref110","unstructured":"National Centre for Disease Control. CD alert: Nipah virus disease. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/ncdc.mohfw.gov.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CD-Alert-Nipah-Virus-Disease.pdf. Accessed 2024 April 1."},{"issue":"494","key":"ppat.1014226.ref111","article-title":"Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge","volume":"11","author":"MK Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25780-3","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705) protects against Nipah virus infection in the hamster model","volume":"8","author":"BE Dawes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318912","article-title":"Dose response comparison of Nipah virus strains Malaysia and Bangladesh in hamsters exposed by the intranasal or intraperitoneal route","volume":"20","author":"SC Johnston","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014226.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1768-1772.2006","article-title":"Poly(I)-poly(C12U) but not ribavirin prevents death in a hamster model of Nipah virus infection","volume":"50","author":"MC Georges-Courbot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30634-6","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of a human monoclonal antibody targeting the G glycoprotein of henipaviruses in healthy adults: a first-in-human, randomised, controlled, phase 1 study","volume":"20","author":"EG Playford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"105","key":"ppat.1014226.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002901","article-title":"A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects african green monkeys from hendra virus challenge","volume":"3","author":"KN Bossart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"741","key":"ppat.1014226.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adl2055","article-title":"Therapeutic administration of a cross-reactive mAb targeting the fusion glycoprotein of Nipah virus protects nonhuman primates","volume":"16","author":"L Zeitlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref118","article-title":"A cross-reactive humanized monoclonal antibody targeting fusion glycoprotein function protects ferrets against lethal Nipah virus and Hendra virus infection","volume":"221","author":"CE Mire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref119","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research. Invitation for expression of interest (EoI) for development and manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies against Nipah viral disease. Report No. 2025."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref120","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research. Annual report 2023\u201324. 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12030046","article-title":"Expanding the reach of monoclonal antibodies: a review of synthetic nucleic acid delivery in immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"C Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-237","article-title":"Vaccination of ferrets with a recombinant G glycoprotein subunit vaccine provides protection against Nipah virus disease for over 12 months","volume":"10","author":"JA Pallister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007462","article-title":"A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters","volume":"13","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1014226.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.089","article-title":"Single-dose live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus disease","volume":"33","author":"J Prescott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref125","article-title":"Evaluation of a single-dose nucleoside-modified messenger RNA vaccine encoding hendra virus-soluble glycoprotein against lethal Nipah virus Challenge in Syrian Hamsters","volume":"221","author":"MK Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014226.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181620","article-title":"Use of single-injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine to protect nonhuman primates against lethal Nipah virus disease","volume":"25","author":"CE Mire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009064","article-title":"Safe and effective two-in-one replicon-and-VLP minispike vaccine for COVID-19: protection of mice after a single immunization","volume":"17","author":"AA Hennrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014226.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058414","article-title":"Recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge","volume":"8","author":"M Yoneda","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0109-5","article-title":"Rabies-based vaccine induces potent immune responses against Nipah virus","volume":"4","author":"R Keshwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010115","article-title":"Bovine herpesvirus-4-vectored delivery of nipah virus glycoproteins enhances T cell immunogenicity in pigs","volume":"8","author":"M Pedrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0023-7","article-title":"A VLP-based vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah virus challenge following multiple-dose or single-dose vaccination schedules in a hamster model","volume":"2","author":"P Walpita","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108056","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-driven In silico vaccine design for Nipah virus (NPV): integrating machine learning and computational epitope prediction","volume":"170","author":"M Shahab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-022-10431-z","article-title":"An immunoinformatics prediction of novel multi-epitope vaccines candidate against surface antigens of Nipah virus","volume":"28","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad SA, Guo J, Noor K, Mustafa A, Amjad A, Bai B. Pangenomic and immunoinformatics based analysis of Nipah virus revealed CD4 and CD8 T-Cell epitopes as potential vaccine candidates. 2023;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1290436","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1290436"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed AA, Shantier SW, Mustafa MI, Osman HK, Elmansi HE, Osman IAA. Epitope-based peptide vaccine against glycoprotein G of Nipah henipavirus using immunoinformatics approaches. 2020;2020(1):2567957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2567957","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2567957"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref136","unstructured":"Establishing the world\u2019s largest Nipah virus vaccine reserve. CEPI. 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00954-5","article-title":"An attachment glycoprotein nanoparticle elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies and protects against lethal Nipah virus infection","volume":"9","author":"D Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356515","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1356515","article-title":"Recurrent Nipah outbreaks in Kerala: implications for health policy and preparedness","volume":"12","author":"AA Rahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.968338","article-title":"Elicitation of immune responses against Nipah virus by an engineered synthetic DNA vaccine","volume":"2","author":"H Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref140","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection - India (DON490). 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON490"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref141","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/nipah-virus-infection. 2024. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref142","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection - India (DON577). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2025-DON577. 2025. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref143","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection - India 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2026-DON593. 2026. Accessed 2026 January 30."},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.11.023","article-title":"Duplex nested RT-PCR for detection of Nipah virus RNA from urine specimens of bats","volume":"141","author":"S Wacharapluesadee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-47","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of Nipah virus replication kinetics in vitro","volume":"3","author":"L-Y Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014226.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040939","article-title":"Immuno-Colorimetric neutralization test: a surrogate for widely used plaque reduction neutralization tests in public health virology","volume":"15","author":"SR Vaidya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120367","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1120367","article-title":"Development and laboratory evaluation of a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infection using recombinant Nipah glycoproteins and a monoclonal antibody","volume":"10","author":"W Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.017269-0","article-title":"Combined chloroquine and ribavirin treatment does not prevent death in a hamster model of Nipah and Hendra virus infection","volume":"91","author":"AN Freiberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014226.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47213-8","article-title":"Potent human neutralizing antibodies against Nipah virus derived from two ancestral antibody heavy chains","volume":"15","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014226.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109628","article-title":"Cooperativity mediated by rationally selected combinations of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the henipavirus receptor binding protein","volume":"36","author":"MP Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1014226.ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100527","article-title":"Improving clinical care of patients in Nipah outbreaks: moving beyond \u201ccompassionate use\u201d","volume":"33","author":"MZ Hassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014226.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_137_18","article-title":"Nipah virus epidemic in southern India and emphasizing \u201cOne Health\u201d approach to ensure global health security","volume":"7","author":"VK Chattu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:37:48Z","timestamp":1779298668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014226"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Blanco-Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]}}}