{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:46:38Z","timestamp":1790858798524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A growing body of research suggests a link between immune system activation and the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Previous work showed that repeated gastrointestinal infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Citrobacter rodentium<\/jats:italic>\n                    can induce PD-like motor dysfunction in\n                    <jats:italic>Pink1<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout (KO) mice, along with immune cell infiltration into the brain. To better understand mechanisms underlying immune-mediated brain attack in this model, we tested whether mild infections are sufficient to increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and trigger brain inflammation.\n                    <jats:italic>Pink1<\/jats:italic>\n                    wild-type (WT) and KO mice were infected with\n                    <jats:italic>C. rodentium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at days 13 and 26 post-infection to assess BBB integrity. Quantitative MRI analysis revealed increased BBB permeability at day 26 in both WT and KO mice, particularly in the striatum, dentate gyrus, somatosensory cortex, and thalamus. Notably, this permeability was not associated with changes in tight junction protein expression or dopamine system markers in the striatum at either time point. However, persistent microglial activation was observed at day 26 post-infection, along with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators such as eotaxin, IFN-\u03b3, CXCL9, IL-17, and MIP-2 in the striatum. Additionally, serum levels of IL-17 and CXCL1 were increased in infected\n                    <jats:italic>Pink1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO mice. Flow cytometry revealed neutrophil infiltration in the brain at day 26 post-infection. Finally, a bulk RNA-seq transcriptome analysis revealed that gene sets related to synaptic function were particularly influenced by the infection and that inflammation-related genes were upregulated by the infection in the Pink1 KO mice. These findings support the hypothesis that even mild gastrointestinal infections can increase BBB permeability, disrupt brain homeostasis, and promote chronic neuroinflammation. In genetically susceptible individuals, such as those with\n                    <jats:italic>Pink1<\/jats:italic>\n                    deficiency, this may represent a first hit that contributes to subsequent induction of PD pathology with aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:36:45Z","timestamp":1782848205000},"page":"e1014315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A single Citrobacter rodentium infection in Pink1 knockout and wild-type mice leads to regional blood-brain-barrier perturbation and limited microglial activation without dopamine neuron axon terminal loss"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sriparna","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Grouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Tchung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Even","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moein","family":"Yaqubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Tuznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherilyn Junelle","family":"Recinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Gavino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e9e","family":"Bourque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gigu\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Gruenheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Anne","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Rudko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-1377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louis-Eric","family":"Trudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014315.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1783","article-title":"Six action steps to address global disparities in parkinson disease: a world health organization priority","volume":"79","author":"N Schiess","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014315.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02633-6","article-title":"The brain-first vs. body-first model of Parkinson\u2019s disease with comparison to alternative models","volume":"130","author":"P Borghammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3311","article-title":"Skin \u03b1-synuclein aggregation seeding activity as a novel biomarker for parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014315.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"F Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014315.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316844","article-title":"Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a translational study from men to mice","volume":"68","author":"P Perez-Pardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12520","article-title":"Significantly higher frequency of Helicobacter suis in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism than in control patients","volume":"38","author":"C Blaecher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.19.02554-6","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"GC Actis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939085","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.939085","article-title":"Insights into the roles of bacterial infection and antibiotics in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"S Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53111","article-title":"A gut bacterial amyloid promotes \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice","volume":"9","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19646-x","article-title":"Oral administration of Proteus mirabilis damages dopaminergic neurons and motor functions in mice","volume":"8","author":"JG Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7766","key":"ppat.1014315.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1405-y","article-title":"Intestinal infection triggers Parkinson\u2019s disease-like symptoms in Pink1-\/- mice","volume":"571","author":"D Matheoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref014","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of mitochondrial antigen-specific CD8 T-cells in mice causes parkinsonism and compromises the dopamine system","author":"M Elemeery","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.08.027","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of tight junctions","volume":"1788","author":"CT Capaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"I Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014315.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21995","article-title":"Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons","volume":"67","author":"H-C Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00293","article-title":"Early degeneration of both dopaminergic and serotonergic axons - a common mechanism in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"J Grosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00455","article-title":"On cell loss and selective vulnerability of neuronal populations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"N Gigu\u00e8re","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"MG Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105724","article-title":"LRRK2 as a target for modulating immune system responses","volume":"169","author":"I Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref022","article-title":"GBA1 and the immune system: a potential role in Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"12","author":"ZAM Al-Azzawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014315.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","article-title":"Long-term risk of Parkinson disease following influenza and other infections","volume":"78","author":"NM Cocoros","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289709015803","article-title":"A rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"3","author":"A Ogata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref025","article-title":"Periodontal inflammatory disease is associated with the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study","volume":"5","author":"C-K Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"263","key":"ppat.1014315.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"V Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13234-1","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the blood-brain barrier opening caused by Streptococcus agalactiae hyaluronidase in a BALB\/c mouse model","volume":"7","author":"S Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014315.ref028","article-title":"Modeling group B Streptococcus and blood-brain barrier interaction by using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain endothelial cells","volume":"2","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014315.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271584","article-title":"Compromised blood-brain barrier permeability: novel mechanism by which circulating angiotensin II signals to sympathoexcitatory centres during hypertension","volume":"594","author":"VC Biancardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/709869","article-title":"Biomarkers indicative of blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"E Waubant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.608257","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Y Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-141978","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"24","author":"J Huppert","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.04.011","article-title":"IL-17A is associated with the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"332","author":"AF Setiadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014315.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03149-13","article-title":"Enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability and reduction of tight junction protein expression are modulated by chemokines\/cytokines induced by rabies virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Q Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetsko AR, Sebo DJ, Budzynski LB, Scharbarth A, Taylor MR. IL-1\u03b2 disrupts blood-brain barrier development by inhibiting endothelial Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling. 2023;2023:569943.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.04.569943"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014315.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00060-3","article-title":"Experimental acute pancreatitis results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat: a potential role for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6","volume":"242","author":"G Farkas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.026","article-title":"IL-17A exacerbates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by activating microglia in rodent models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Z Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191699","article-title":"Plasma IL-6 and IL-17A correlate with severity of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"HF Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111098109","article-title":"Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"109","author":"O Pascual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1014315.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08447.2001","article-title":"Microglial activation and dopaminergic cell injury: an in vitro model relevant to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"W Le","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014315.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052793","article-title":"Microglial activation damages dopaminergic neurons through MMP-2\/-9-mediated increase of blood-brain barrier permeability in a Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"23","author":"Z Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00640-2","article-title":"Microglial inhibition alleviates alpha-synuclein propagation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"10","author":"T Thi Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01561-6","article-title":"Microglial CD68 and L-ferritin upregulation in response to phosphorylated-TDP-43 pathology in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain","volume":"11","author":"MEV Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-2-14","article-title":"Microglial inflammation in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: relationship to alpha-synuclein deposition","volume":"2","author":"E Croisier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.246","article-title":"Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"KE Hopperton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01675-19","article-title":"Gamma interferon alters junctional integrity via rho kinase, resulting in blood-brain barrier leakage in experimental viral encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"S Bonney","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.02.020","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma is an important driver of neuropathology and behavioural sequelae in experimental pneumococcal meningitis","volume":"40","author":"LK Too","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014315.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000900","article-title":"The cell-specific induction of CXC chemokine ligand 9 mediated by IFN-gamma in microglia of the central nervous system is determined by the myeloid transcription factor PU.1","volume":"185","author":"SL Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116122","article-title":"Cerebral pericytes and endothelial cells communicate through inflammasome-dependent signals","volume":"22","author":"M Kozma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014315.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071656","article-title":"Altered cytokine response of human brain endothelial cells after stimulation with malaria patient plasma","volume":"10","author":"M Raacke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014315.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00088-6","article-title":"RNA sequencing of whole blood reveals early alterations in immune cells and gene expression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"DW Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014315.ref052","first-page":"687","article-title":"Peripheral T lymphocyte immunity and l-dopamine in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"ZX Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1248-8","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease patients have a complex phenotypic and functional Th1 bias: cross-sectional studies of CD4+ Th1\/Th2\/T17 and Treg in drug-na\u00efve and drug-treated patients","volume":"15","author":"N Kustrimovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46068-3","article-title":"Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation","volume":"15","author":"AMR van den Bosch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014315.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24149","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are linked, but independent of alpha-synuclein inclusions, in a seeding\/spreading mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"P Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"6569","key":"ppat.1014315.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7266","article-title":"CD4+ T cells contribute to neurodegeneration in Lewy body dementia","volume":"374","author":"D Gate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014315.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab103","article-title":"CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"GP Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106308","article-title":"Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson\u2019s disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune?","volume":"187","author":"O de F\u00e0bregues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014315.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01415-3","article-title":"Infiltrating CD8+ T cells exacerbate Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in a 3D human neuroimmune axis model","volume":"26","author":"M Jorfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014315.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094826","article-title":"Unaltered striatal dopamine release levels in young Parkin knockout, Pink1 knockout, DJ-1 knockout and LRRK2 R1441G transgenic mice","volume":"9","author":"G Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"27","key":"ppat.1014315.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11441","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702717104","article-title":"Impaired dopamine release and synaptic plasticity in the striatum of PINK1-deficient mice","volume":"104","author":"T Kitada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014315.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0281-9","article-title":"Dopaminergic function in a family with the PARK6 form of autosomal recessive Parkinson\u2019s syndrome","volume":"112","author":"KR Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163999.72864.FD","article-title":"The PINK1 phenotype can be indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"A Albanese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18786-w","article-title":"Lack of PINK1 alters glia innate immune responses and enhances inflammation-induced, nitric oxide-mediated neuron death","volume":"8","author":"L Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.039","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-related proteins PINK1 and Parkin repress mitochondrial antigen presentation","volume":"166","author":"D Matheoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7766","key":"ppat.1014315.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1405-y","article-title":"Intestinal infection triggers Parkinson\u2019s disease-like symptoms in Pink1-\/- mice","volume":"571","author":"D Matheoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"J Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014315.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26054","article-title":"Gibbs-ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel-shifts","volume":"76","author":"E Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00008","article-title":"Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data","volume":"8","author":"E Garyfallidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014315.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-020-09453-z","article-title":"Automatic brain extraction for rodent MRI images","volume":"18","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014315.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.037","article-title":"High resolution three-dimensional brain atlas using an average magnetic resonance image of 40 adult C57Bl\/6J mice","volume":"42","author":"AE Dorr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014315.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026543900054","article-title":"The earth Mover\u2019s distance as a metric for image retrieval","volume":"40","author":"Y Rubner","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014315.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014315.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz037","article-title":"GenPipes: an open-source framework for distributed and scalable genomic analyses","volume":"8","author":"M Bourgey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014315.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1014315.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad347","article-title":"g:Profiler-interoperable web service for functional enrichment analysis and gene identifier mapping (2023 update)","volume":"51","author":"L Kolberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014315.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01020-z","article-title":"Using clusterProfiler to characterize multiomics data","volume":"19","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014315.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0506-500","article-title":"GenePattern 2.0","volume":"38","author":"M Reich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:37:00Z","timestamp":1782848220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014315"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Woerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014315","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}