{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:42:00Z","timestamp":1789497720547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014373","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000}}],"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-064556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-064556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-021989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-021989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1175860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1175860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-036842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWA is a HHMI investigator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWA is a HHMI investigator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In germinal centers, activated B cells modify their antigen receptors through somatic hypermutation (SHM), followed by antigenic selection that favors expansion of high affinity B cells. The affinity maturation process is critical for development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). BnAbs have been isolated from some people living with HIV-1. Because these antibodies target conserved epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) protein, they inhibit a broad spectrum of viruses. Eliciting bnAbs by vaccination is a top priority for HIV-1 prevention, but reproducing the lengthy maturation of bnAbs is a major challenge. The problem is typified by VRC01 class antibodies, which recognize the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 Env protein. To reach the CD4 binding site, antibodies need to navigate through adjacent glycans. Accommodating the glycans requires multiple SHMs in germinal center (GC) B cells, including infrequent events. For this reason, VRC01 vaccine development often stalls at this point. We have generated a mouse model aimed at providing a potential solution for navigating this vaccine design impediment. To this end, we made a mouse model that expresses a stalled VRC01 intermediate conditionally in GC B cells. This system has three advantages: 1) direct expression of the intermediate obviates prior immunization steps, thereby shortening the immunization scheme; 2) the conditional expression system bypasses tolerance control checkpoints that sometimes delete B cells expressing bnAbs; 3) the intermediate responds to immunization in GCs, the physiological site of affinity maturation. With this model, we established an immunization method to mature the VRC01 intermediate into heterologous neutralizing antibodies against viruses with a native glycan shield. Since high mutation load is common among bnAbs, the germinal center conditional expression system could provide a general tool for boost immunogen design to overcome roadblocks in the maturation pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:49:53Z","timestamp":1782150593000},"page":"e1014373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maturation of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a germinal center conditional expression mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-3380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwei-Ling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Elen","family":"Tuchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee 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Verkoczy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014373.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300770","article-title":"Common tolerance mechanisms, but distinct cross-reactivities associated with gp41 and lipids, limit production of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10","volume":"191","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014373.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900069","article-title":"Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5","volume":"203","author":"J Finney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1014373.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921996117","article-title":"Conditional antibody expression to avoid central B cell deletion in humanized 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