{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:00:24Z","timestamp":1784919624990,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000}}],"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI116323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI177188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI177188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    -methyladenosine (m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A) RNA methylation is one of the most prevalent reversible post-transcriptional RNA modifications and has been recognized as a crucial regulator of host immune responses. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute an important component of gastrointestinal mucosal immunity. Interferons (IFNs) play a central role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A methylation status influences IFN-mediated cell-intrinsic defense. In this study, we investigated the potential role of m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A RNA modifications in IFN-\u03b3-stimulated IEC-intrinsic defense. We observed significant alterations in the topology of the m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A mRNA methylome in murine IECs following IFN-\u03b3 stimulation. A subset of IFN-\u03b3-stimulated immune gene transcripts exhibited increased m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A RNA methylation, including several members of the immunity-related GTPase family M (IRGM) genes. In addition, IFN-\u03b3-responsive long non-coding RNAs may modulate the m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A methylation levels of multiple IFN-\u03b3-stimulated immune transcripts. Enhanced m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A methylation of the\n                    <jats:italic>Irgm2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts was associated with strengthened cell-intrinsic defense against infection by the protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection altered the host m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A mRNA methylome in IECs, thereby counteracting the IFN-\u03b3-mediated defense response. Although the RNA levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Irgm2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were upregulated, their m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A RNA methylation levels and protein expression were reduced in infected cells. This effect was associated with host delivery of dsRNAs derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1, a virus harbored in the parasite<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, our findings suggest that m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A methylation of RNA transcripts enhances IFN-\u03b3-mediated IEC-intrinsic antiparasitic defense, while\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    has evolved mechanisms to evade this response by suppressing m\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    A RNA methylation of IFN-\u03b3-stimulated immune genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:37:28Z","timestamp":1784569048000},"page":"e1014442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["m6A RNA methylation modulates IFN-\u03b3-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic antiparasitic defense"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chansorena","family":"Pok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Yu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion L.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zinat","family":"Sharmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-2244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xian-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014442.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094025","article-title":"Cell-Autonomous Immunity: From Cytosolic Sensing to Self-Defense","volume":"26","author":"D Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.02.008","article-title":"Epithelial regulation of microbiota-immune cell dynamics","volume":"17","author":"BJ Didriksen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014442.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.003","article-title":"Intrinsic Defense Mechanisms of the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"19","author":"D Ramanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014442.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07514-7","article-title":"IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa","volume":"121","author":"S Skariah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011820","article-title":"Analysis of intestinal epithelial cell responses to Cryptosporidium highlights the temporal effects of IFN-\u03b3 on parasite restriction","volume":"20","author":"RD Pardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020319","article-title":"The Complexity of Interferon Signaling in Host Defense against Protozoan Parasite Infection","volume":"12","author":"S Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses","volume":"32","author":"WM Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"X Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3210","article-title":"Interferon-inducible effector mechanisms in cell-autonomous immunity","volume":"12","author":"JD MacMicking","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014442.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-010-0224-x","article-title":"Human IRGM gene \u201cto be or not to be\u201d","volume":"32","author":"C Bekpen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12546","article-title":"Interferon-inducible GTPases in cell autonomous and innate immunity","volume":"18","author":"E Meunier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"35","key":"ppat.1014442.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30471","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.251967","article-title":"Immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) proteins influence the localization of guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) by modulating macroautophagy","volume":"286","author":"MK Traver","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014442.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002422","article-title":"IRGM is a common target of RNA viruses that subvert the autophagy network","volume":"7","author":"IP Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014442.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2119","article-title":"Human IRGM regulates autophagy and cell-autonomous immunity functions through mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"SB Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01595-x","article-title":"Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"71","author":"AB Goswami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014442.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2017.03.002","article-title":"The RNA Modification N6-methyladenosine and Its Implications in Human Disease","volume":"15","author":"PJ Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014442.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.014","article-title":"N(6)-methyladenosine Modulates Messenger RNA Translation Efficiency","volume":"161","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00872-8","article-title":"m6A-binding proteins: the emerging crucial performers in epigenetics","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014442.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05268-9","article-title":"The RNA m6A writer WTAP in diseases: structure, roles, and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Q Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref020","article-title":"Dynamic assembly of the mRNA m6A methyltransferase complex is regulated by METTL3 phase separation","volume":"20","author":"D Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014442.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.04.025","article-title":"Where, When, and How: Context-Dependent Functions of RNA Methylation Writers, Readers, and Erasers","volume":"74","author":"H Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014442.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0168-5","article-title":"Reading, writing and erasing mRNA methylation","volume":"20","author":"S Zaccara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014442.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.014","article-title":"N(6)-methyladenosine Modulates Messenger RNA Translation Efficiency","volume":"161","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755691","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.755691","article-title":"The Emerging Role of m6A Modification in Regulating the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13159","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S537243","article-title":"The m6A Modification in T Helper Cells Regulates the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref026","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosis and research in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"JK O\u2019Leary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014442.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad090","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and microsporidial infection in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"118","author":"H Didarlu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597642","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2597642","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptosporidium","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113950","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2023.1113950","article-title":"Early immune and host cell responses to Cryptosporidium infection","volume":"2","author":"JR Mead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00932-3","article-title":"Immunity to Cryptosporidium: insights into principles of enteric responses to infection","volume":"24","author":"RD Pardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014442.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00377-09","article-title":"Roles for NK cells and an NK cell-independent source of intestinal gamma Interferon for innate immunity to Cryptosporidium parvum infection","volume":"77","author":"FM Barakat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014442.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01336.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signalling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells by Cryptosporidium parvum infection","volume":"11","author":"N Choudhry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025001","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium and advancements in therapeutic interventions","volume":"32","author":"Y Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01261","article-title":"Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits","volume":"8","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014442.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0513-7","article-title":"Cryspovirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Partitiviridae","volume":"154","author":"ML Nibert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014442.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3385-2","article-title":"Complete cryspovirus genome sequences from Cryptosporidium parvum isolate Iowa","volume":"162","author":"M Vong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.5721933.x","article-title":"Virus-like, double-stranded RNAs in the parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"26","author":"NV Khramtsov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02642-22","article-title":"Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.005","article-title":"Fecundity of Cryptosporidium parvum is correlated with intracellular levels of the viral symbiont CPV","volume":"38","author":"MC Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37129-0","article-title":"Cryptosporidium uses CSpV1 to activate host type I interferon and attenuate antiparasitic defenses","volume":"14","author":"S Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.1050","article-title":"Expression of functional ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesion molecules by an immortalized epithelial cell clone derived from the small intestine","volume":"175","author":"XC Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705232","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705232","article-title":"m6A mRNA Methylation Regulates Epithelial Innate Antimicrobial Defense Against Cryptosporidial Infection","volume":"12","author":"Z Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397117","article-title":"LncRNA Nostrill promotes interferon-\u03b3-stimulated gene transcription and facilitates intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic anti-Cryptosporidium defense","volume":"15","author":"Z Sharmin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014442.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.01.006","article-title":"RNA m6A methylation across the transcriptome","volume":"83","author":"E Sendinc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014442.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.05.027","article-title":"Integrated lncRNA function upon genomic and epigenomic regulation","volume":"82","author":"AB Herman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"7475","key":"ppat.1014442.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/503189a","article-title":"Parasitic infections: Time to tackle cryptosporidiosis","volume":"503","author":"B Striepen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-495R.1","article-title":"Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite apical organelles during attachment to and internalization by cultured biliary epithelial cells","volume":"91","author":"SP O\u2019Hara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00960-07","article-title":"Intestinal immune response to human Cryptosporidium sp. infection","volume":"76","author":"B Pantenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014442.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00328-25","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA U90926 modulates IFN-\u03b3-stimulated gene transcription and cell-intrinsic anti-Cryptosporidium defense in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"93","author":"ML Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26897-0","article-title":"Intron-containing beta-tubulin transcripts in Cryptosporidium parvum cultured in vitro","volume":"150","author":"X Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2020.11.008","article-title":"N6-Methyladenosine Regulates Host Responses to Viral Infection","volume":"46","author":"MJ McFadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014442.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200512","article-title":"Immunity to Cryptosporidium: Lessons from Acquired and Primary Immunodeficiencies","volume":"209","author":"IS Cohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014442.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3007","article-title":"The light and dark sides of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"11","author":"H Cheroutre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014442.ref054","article-title":"m6A RNA methylation: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential","volume":"40","author":"PC He","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014442.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05933-7","article-title":"METTL3-mediated m6A modification of LINC00839 maintains glioma stem cells and radiation resistance by activating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"14","author":"J Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1014442.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401337RR","article-title":"METTL3-mediated m6A modification enhances lncRNA H19 stability to promote endothelial cell inflammation and pyroptosis to aggravate atherosclerosis","volume":"38","author":"F Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01965-w","article-title":"METTL3-mediated deficiency of lncRNA HAR1A drives non-small cell lung cancer growth and metastasis by promoting ANXA2 stabilization","volume":"10","author":"X Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.041","article-title":"Structural Basis for Cooperative Function of Mettl3 and Mettl14 Methyltransferases","volume":"63","author":"P Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014442.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1432","article-title":"A METTL3-METTL14 complex mediates mammalian nuclear RNA N6-adenosine methylation","volume":"10","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014442.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0040-8","article-title":"Dynamic transcriptomic m6A decoration: writers, erasers, readers and functions in RNA metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"33","key":"ppat.1014442.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11693","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013678","article-title":"5\u2019-UTR recruitment of the translation initiation factor eIF4GI or DAP5 drives cap-independent translation of a subset of human mRNAs","volume":"295","author":"SA Haizel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014442.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00624-9","article-title":"The molecular basis of translation initiation and its regulation in eukaryotes","volume":"25","author":"J Brito Querido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014442.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222738110","article-title":"Conservation and divergence in the transcriptional programs of the human and mouse immune systems","volume":"110","author":"T Shay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102189","article-title":"How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens","volume":"69","author":"J Dockterman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5792","key":"ppat.1014442.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129577","article-title":"Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria","volume":"313","author":"SB Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00916.x","article-title":"IRG proteins: key mediators of interferon-regulated host resistance to intracellular pathogens","volume":"9","author":"GA Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.09.004","article-title":"Control of IFN-gamma-mediated host resistance to intracellular pathogens by immunity-related GTPases (p47 GTPases)","volume":"9","author":"GA Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"M Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet.journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014442.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Y Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"MD Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014442.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042","article-title":"Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation","volume":"40","author":"DJ McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7188-6-26","article-title":"ViennaRNA Package 2.0","volume":"6","author":"R Lorenz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Algorithms Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ppat.1014442.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00818163","article-title":"Fast folding and comparison of RNA secondary structures","volume":"125","author":"IL Hofacker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monatsh Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014442.ref076","article-title":"A host cell long noncoding RNA NR_033736 regulates type I interferon-mediated gene transcription and modulates intestinal epithelial anti-Cryptosporidium defense","volume":"17","author":"J Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"24","key":"ppat.1014442.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13060","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum infection attenuates the ex vivo propagation of murine intestinal enteroids","volume":"4","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014442.ref078","first-page":"636","article-title":"Delivery of Parasite RNA Transcripts Into Infected Epithelial Cells During Cryptosporidium Infection and Its Potential Impact on Host Gene Transcription","volume":"215","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014442.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7665","article-title":"m6A methyltransferase METTL3 maintains colon cancer tumorigenicity by suppressing SOCS2 to promote cell proliferation","volume":"44","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014442.ref080","article-title":"LncRNA XR_001779380 Primes Epithelial Cells for IFN-\u03b3-Mediated Gene Transcription and Facilitates Age-Dependent Intestinal Antimicrobial Defense","volume":"12","author":"A-Y Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1784916020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tracey J.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014442","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}