{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:57:50Z","timestamp":1785437870351,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000}}],"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS107246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS107246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM139762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM139762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDC2025-165940-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2025-165940-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-160022OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-160022OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prion diseases are caused by PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    , the self-templating infectious conformation of the normal host-encoded prion protein, PrP\n                    <jats:sup>C<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Spread of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the peripheral and central nervous system follows a highly predictable pattern consistent with slow axonal transport along defined neuroanatomical pathways. The rate of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport, the contribution of prion strain diversity, and the requirement for prion conversion during transport are poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of direct measurement of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport under defined conditions. Here, using a combination of live animal and sciatic nerve explant culture experiments, and determined the velocity of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    ranged from rates consistent with both slow and fast axonal transport. Interestingly, transport of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    was not dependent upon prion conversion as it was observed using prion strain and host combinations that do not support prion formation. The rate of PrP\n                    <jats:sup>Sc<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport of prion strains and synthetic prions suggest that prions can use both slow and fast modes of axonal transport. Overall, converging lines of evidence suggest that prions are transported at a range of velocities consistent with both slow and fast axonal transport that is independent prion formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:50:24Z","timestamp":1784915424000},"page":"e1014456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The axonal transport velocity of prions is independent of prion formation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sam M.","family":"Koshy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Hrdlicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Stender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4081-7886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Bartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014456.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90333-2","article-title":"A cellular gene encodes scrapie PrP 27-30 protein","volume":"40","author":"B Oesch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4579","key":"ppat.1014456.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6815801","article-title":"Identification of a protein that purifies with the scrapie prion","volume":"218","author":"DC Bolton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4542","key":"ppat.1014456.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762","article-title":"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie","volume":"216","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1014456.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702662104","article-title":"Formation of native prions from minimal components in vitro","volume":"104","author":"NR Deleault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5969","key":"ppat.1014456.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183748","article-title":"Generating a prion with bacterially expressed recombinant prion protein","volume":"327","author":"F Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1014456.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.08.011","article-title":"High-resolution structure and strain comparison of infectious mammalian prions","volume":"81","author":"A Kraus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"27","key":"ppat.1014456.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55257-1","article-title":"The scrapie-associated form of PrP is made from a cell surface precursor that is both protease- and phospholipase-sensitive","volume":"266","author":"B Caughey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30457-7","article-title":"2.7\u2009\u00c5 cryo-EM structure of ex vivo RML prion fibrils","volume":"13","author":"SW Manka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014456.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6575","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12009","article-title":"Direct Observation of Competing Prion Protein Fibril Populations with Distinct Structures and Kinetics","volume":"17","author":"Y Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5158","key":"ppat.1014456.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7909169","article-title":"Structural clues to prion replication","volume":"264","author":"FE Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014456.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000139","article-title":"Accelerated high fidelity prion amplification within and across prion species barriers","volume":"4","author":"KM Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.011","article-title":"In vitro generation of infectious scrapie prions","volume":"121","author":"J Castilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6839","key":"ppat.1014456.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/35081095","article-title":"Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding","volume":"411","author":"GP Saborio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014456.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00364-6","article-title":"Peripheral pathogenesis of prion diseases","volume":"2","author":"M Glatzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014456.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6040060","article-title":"How do PrPSc Prions Spread between Host Species, and within Hosts?","volume":"6","author":"N Mabbott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014456.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21246","article-title":"Prions and peripheral nerves: a deadly rendezvous","volume":"85","author":"M Heikenwalder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030630","article-title":"Transport of Prions in the Peripheral Nervous System: Pathways, Cell Types, and Mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"SM Koshy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014456.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002402","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell-specific prion protein (PrP) expression alone is sufficient to sustain prion infection in the spleen","volume":"7","author":"L McCulloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.01.003","article-title":"Role of the draining lymph node in scrapie agent transmission from the skin","volume":"109","author":"BR Glaysher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.02074.x","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell dedifferentiation reduces scrapie susceptibility following inoculation via the skin","volume":"114","author":"J Mohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014456.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/77401","article-title":"Temporary inactivation of follicular dendritic cells delays neuroinvasion of scrapie","volume":"6","author":"NA Mabbott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1014456.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9320","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.9320-9327.2001","article-title":"Early spread of scrapie from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system involves autonomic fibers of the splanchnic and vagus nerves","volume":"75","author":"PA McBride","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00934-9","article-title":"Early accumulation of pathological PrP in the enteric nervous system and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of hamsters orally infected with scrapie","volume":"278","author":"M Beekes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-3-601","article-title":"Cerebral targeting indicates vagal spread of infection in hamsters fed with scrapie","author":"M Beekes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"6961","key":"ppat.1014456.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02072","article-title":"Positioning of follicular dendritic cells within the spleen controls prion neuroinvasion","volume":"425","author":"M Prinz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5469","key":"ppat.1014456.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5469.1257","article-title":"Impaired prion replication in spleens of mice lacking functional follicular dendritic cells","volume":"288","author":"F Montrasio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90271-6","article-title":"Neural pathogenesis of experimental scrapie after intraocular inoculation of hamsters","volume":"81","author":"N Buyukmihci","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91091-1","article-title":"Targeting of scrapie lesions and spread of agent via the retino-tectal projection","volume":"346","author":"H Fraser","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-2-255","article-title":"Pathogenesis of scrapie (strain 263K) in hamsters infected intracerebrally, intraperitoneally or intraocularly","volume":"67","author":"RH Kimberlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-7-1637","article-title":"Scrapie in the central nervous system: neuroanatomical spread of infection and Sinc control of pathogenesis","volume":"73","author":"JR Scott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref031","first-page":"645","article-title":"Transport and targeting of scrapie infectivity and pathology in the optic nerve projections following intraocular infection","volume":"317","author":"JR Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90051-5","article-title":"Antigenic variation in visna virus","volume":"18","author":"JV Scott","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref033","first-page":"315","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie. Evidence for direct neural spread of infection to the CNS after injection of sciatic nerve","volume":"61","author":"RH Kimberlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014456.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688207500809","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: patterns of agent replication in different parts of the CNS following intraperitoneal infection","volume":"75","author":"RH Kimberlin","year":"1982","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90048-X","article-title":"Spread of scrapie agent to the central nervous system: study of a rat model","volume":"383","author":"MH Bassant","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-11-2813","article-title":"PrP(C) expression in the peripheral nervous system is a determinant of prion neuroinvasion","volume":"81","author":"M Glatzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-8-1925","article-title":"Sequential appearance and accumulation of pathognomonic markers in the central nervous system of hamsters orally infected with scrapie","author":"M Beekes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(96)80051-X","article-title":"Histopathological changes in the pituitary glands of female hamsters infected with the 139H strain of scrapie","volume":"114","author":"X Ye","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.3.462","article-title":"Pancreatic lesions and hypoglycemia-hyperinsulinemia in scrapie-injected hamsters","volume":"161","author":"RI Carp","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014456.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7859","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.7859-7868.1994","article-title":"Distinct PrP properties suggest the molecular basis of strain variation in transmissible mink encephalopathy","volume":"68","author":"RA Bessen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006298","article-title":"PrPSc formation and clearance as determinants of prion tropism","volume":"13","author":"RA Shikiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1014456.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00409-16","article-title":"Incongruity between Prion Conversion and Incubation Period following Coinfection","volume":"90","author":"KA Langenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01745-08","article-title":"Prion strain targeting independent of strain-specific neuronal tropism","volume":"83","author":"JI Ayers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014456.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5759-5768.2002","article-title":"Retrograde transport of transmissible mink encephalopathy within descending motor tracts","volume":"76","author":"JC Bartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014456.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02721-24","article-title":"Minor prion substrains overcome transmission barriers","volume":"15","author":"BS Steadman","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref046","article-title":"Cofactors facilitate bona fide prion misfolding in vitro but are not necessary for the infectivity of recombinant murine prions","volume":"21","author":"M\u00c1 P\u00e9rez-Castro","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014456.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46360-2","article-title":"A Protein Misfolding Shaking Amplification-based method for the spontaneous generation of hundreds of bona fide prions","volume":"15","author":"H Era\u00f1a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10062","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10062","article-title":"A novel and rapid method for obtaining high titre intact prion strains from mammalian brain","volume":"5","author":"A Wenborn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014456.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2272-18.2018","article-title":"Local Acceleration of Neurofilament Transport at Nodes of Ranvier","volume":"39","author":"CL Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014456.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.738","article-title":"Fast axonal transport in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an intra-axonal organelle traffic analysis","volume":"37","author":"AC Breuer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014456.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081458","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease prions in elk antler velvet","volume":"15","author":"RC Angers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014456.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01507-1","article-title":"TrackMate 7: integrating state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms into tracking pipelines","volume":"19","author":"D Ershov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014456.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8640","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00378-14","article-title":"Axonal and transynaptic spread of prions","volume":"88","author":"H Shearin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014456.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00243-10","article-title":"Coinfecting prion strains compete for a limiting cellular resource","volume":"84","author":"RA Shikiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01751-06","article-title":"Prion interference is due to a reduction in strain-specific PrPSc levels","volume":"81","author":"JC Bartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1014456.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157273","article-title":"Sciatic Integrity Is Necessary for Fast and Efficient Scrapie Infection After Footpad Injection","volume":"26","author":"F Cardone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.39","article-title":"Microtubule-based transport systems in neurons: the roles of kinesins and dyneins","volume":"23","author":"LS Goldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)91045-X","article-title":"Axonal transport of actin: slow component b is the principal source of actin for the axon","volume":"171","author":"MM Black","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.66.2.351","article-title":"The slow component of axonal transport. Identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons","volume":"66","author":"PN Hoffman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1969.tb08972.x","article-title":"Fast and slow phases of axoplasmic flow in ventral root nerve fibres","volume":"16","author":"S Ochs","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"32","key":"ppat.1014456.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13482","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.780296","article-title":"Selective imaging of internalized proteopathic \u03b1-synuclein seeds in primary neurons reveals mechanistic insight into transmission of synucleinopathies","volume":"292","author":"RJ Karpowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1014456.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.021","article-title":"Extracellular Monomeric and Aggregated Tau Efficiently Enter Human Neurons through Overlapping but Distinct Pathways","volume":"22","author":"LD Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014456.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.01.021","article-title":"Stable kinesin and dynein assemblies drive the axonal transport of mammalian prion protein vesicles","volume":"144","author":"SE Encalada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014456.ref064","article-title":"Host PrP glycosylation: a major factor determining the outcome of prion infection","volume":"6","author":"NL Tuzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI131564","article-title":"Prion protein glycans reduce intracerebral fibril formation and spongiosis in prion disease","volume":"130","author":"AM Sevillano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014456.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007323","article-title":"Independent amplification of co-infected long incubation period low conversion efficiency prion strains","volume":"14","author":"TE Eckland","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014456.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001317","article-title":"The strain-encoded relationship between PrP replication, stability and processing in neurons is predictive of the incubation period of disease","volume":"7","author":"JI Ayers","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1014456.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13148","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.23.13148","article-title":"Normal host prion protein (PrPC) is required for scrapie spread within the central nervous system","volume":"93","author":"S Brandner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014456.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.01.038","article-title":"Peripherally administrated prions reach the brain at sub-infectious quantities in experimental hamsters","volume":"588","author":"B Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1014456.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8293","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01103-16","article-title":"Specificity, Size, and Frequency of Spaces That Characterize the Mechanism of Bulk Transepithelial Transport of Prions in the Nasal Cavities of Hamsters and Mice","volume":"90","author":"AE Kincaid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.07.006","article-title":"Acute cellular uptake of abnormal prion protein is cell type and scrapie-strain independent","volume":"379","author":"CS Greil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014456.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01910-9","article-title":"Sympathetic and parasympathetic subtypes of body-first Lewy body disease observed in postmortem tissue from prediagnostic individuals","volume":"28","author":"KB Andersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref073","article-title":"Brain-First versus Gut-First Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"P Borghammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02095-16","article-title":"Robust Central Nervous System Pathology in Transgenic Mice following Peripheral Injection of \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils","volume":"91","author":"JI Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014456.ref075","article-title":"Prion-like propagation of mutant SOD1 misfolding and motor neuron disease spread along neuroanatomical pathways","author":"JI Ayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014456.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:57:45Z","timestamp":1785434265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Mabbott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}