{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:46:39Z","timestamp":1790293599942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13976684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13976684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006095","name":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-PMG-R001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-PMG-R001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause an estimated 157 billion dollars in annual yield losses worldwide. In tomato, resistance to RKNs is conferred by the single dominant resistance gene\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which has been widely integrated into commercial cultivars. Prolonged and widespread use of\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    has led to the emergence of resistance-breaking populations in tomato fields worldwide; however, the consequences of resistance breaking for nematode performance on susceptible hosts remain poorly understood. Here, we compared infection outcomes of two closely related strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Meloidogyne javanica,<\/jats:italic>\n                    VW4 (\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013avirulent; wild-type) and VW5 (\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013virulent; resistance-breaking), on three susceptible hosts: tomato, cucumber, and rice. Across all hosts, VW5 produced significantly fewer eggs than VW4, revealing a fitness cost associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence. Light and transmission electron microscopy of tomato and cucumber galls revealed impaired feeding site establishment by VW5. Consistent with these observations, transcriptomic profiling of nematode-infected roots showed that VW5 infection induced weaker host transcriptional reprogramming than VW4 and lacked host gene expression signatures associated with effective suppression of plant defense responses. Together, these findings demonstrate that adaptation to\n                    <jats:italic>Mi-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated resistance is accompanied by a fitness cost on susceptible plants and impaired feeding site formation and altered host reprogramming. Furthermore, these results establish VW4 and VW5 as a powerful resource for understanding host genes and pathways required for successful parasitism and feeding site development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1789149509000},"page":"e1014581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resistance breaking Root-knot nematodes carry a fitness cost associated with defective feeding site development"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Alison C.","family":"Blundell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Shigekane-Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Janakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences","place":["Warsaw, Poland"],"department":["Department of Botany and Plant Physiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences","place":["Warsaw, Poland"],"department":["Department of Botany and Plant Physiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dadong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Jung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7503-4318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shahid","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Davis, Davis, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Nematology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1014581.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.08.009","article-title":"Nematodes","volume":"23","author":"K Kiontke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014581.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-10-25-0154-FI","article-title":"Partners in Crime: Elucidating the Molecular Underpinnings of Nematode-Pathogen Disease Complexes","volume":"39","author":"A Blundell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Plant Microbe Interact"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014581.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12057","article-title":"Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology","volume":"14","author":"JT Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Plant 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One"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014581.ref037","article-title":"Unzipped chromosome-level genomes reveal allopolyploid nematode origin pattern as unreduced gamete hybridization","volume":"14","author":"D Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014581.ref038","article-title":"Unzipped genome assemblies of polyploid root-knot nematodes reveal unusual and clade-specific telomeric repeats","volume":"15","author":"APZ Mota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014581.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13246","article-title":"Movements of transposable elements contribute to the genomic plasticity and species diversification in an asexually reproducing nematode pest","volume":"14","author":"DKL Kozlowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol Appl"}],"container-title":["PLOS 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AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}