{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:13:15Z","timestamp":1790273595940,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014588","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/03088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/03088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Uropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains rely on specialized surface appendages to colonize the urinary tract, including Dr fimbriae, which are strongly associated with recurrent infection and long-term persistence. Although traditionally described as receptor-binding fibers, their broader contribution to bacterial surface architecture and physicochemical behavior has remained unclear. Here, combining quantitative proteomics, computational modeling, rheology, surface physicochemistry, and flow-based adhesion assays, we show that Dr fimbriae collectively form a dense, highly hydrated amphipathic envelope surrounding the bacterial cell. Rather than functioning as isolated filaments, they generate a dynamic supramolecular layer approximately 200\u2013300 nm thick that markedly alters whole-cell properties. Mechanistic analyses performed in a simplified laboratory model were validated in the clinical UPEC strain IH11128, demonstrating that the principal physicochemical and adhesive properties of the Dr envelope are preserved despite phase-variable fimbrial expression. The Dr envelope strongly enhanced adhesion to abiotic surfaces, particularly hydrophilic glass, where Dr-positive bacteria resisted nanonewton-range capillary detachment forces, indicating stable multipoint anchoring. The envelope also promoted selective binding to calcium oxalate (CaOx), the principal mineral component of kidney stones, under urinary conditions. In the clinical isolate, CaOx binding occurred almost exclusively within the Dr-positive subpopulation and was largely abolished by anti-Dr antibodies, demonstrating that mineral recognition depends specifically on Dr fimbriae. Beyond adhesion, the fimbrial mesh functioned as a size-selective molecular filter. Dr-positive bacteria showed markedly reduced susceptibility to large bacteriophages, whereas infection by smaller phages and susceptibility to low-molecular-weight antibiotics remained unchanged, indicating steric exclusion of large biological particles without restricting diffusion of small solutes. Together, these findings establish the Dr envelope as a multifunctional supramolecular surface architecture that governs bacterial surface physicochemistry, promotes stable urinary tract colonization, mediates CaOx recognition, and expands the adaptive capabilities of UPEC within the urinary tract.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:52:24Z","timestamp":1789581144000},"page":"e1014588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biophysical and functional characterization of the Escherichia coli Dr fimbrial envelope reveals its importance for pathogenesis and lithogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michalina","family":"Nag\u00f3rka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Zalewska-Pi\u0105tek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Iwanicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Division of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG&MUG"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wityk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Division of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Jakiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences","place":["Warsaw, Poland"],"department":["Department of Physics and Biophysics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Switlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bru\u017adziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Wiecz\u00f3r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry"]},{"name":"Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, IRB Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Li\u00e9vin-Le Moal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, UMR-S 996 Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance","place":["Orsay, France"]},{"name":"Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Raczak-Gutknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Division of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Gnatowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Ficek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Electronics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"\u0141epek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Narajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-6906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Pi\u0105tek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"department":["Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1014588.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888205","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.888205","article-title":"Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide 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