{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:00:07Z","timestamp":1790359207029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023hwyq9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023hwyq9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recently, 5-methylcytosine (m5C) modification has been identified in HIV-1 genomic RNA. However, the functional role of this RNA modification in the antiviral innate immune response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that m5C modification of HIV-1 genomic RNA enables the virus to evade the type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated antiviral response, thereby promoting viral replication. Depletion of NSUN2 in viral-producing cells significantly reduced m5C modification of HIV-1 RNA, leading to progeny viruses that are more susceptible to innate immune detection and consequently displaying attenuated replication. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    -transcribed m5C-modified RNA exhibited a reduced ability to induce IFN-I production relative to unmodified RNA. Additionally, m5C-modified RNA displayed markedly impaired binding to RIG-I compared with unmodified RNA. Collectively, our findings reveal that HIV-1 utilizes m5C modification of viral genomic RNA as a strategy to escape RIG-I-mediated immune recognition, thereby facilitating efficient viral replication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:24:22Z","timestamp":1790357062000},"page":"e1014611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NSUN2-mediated m5C modification of HIV-1 RNA enables evasion of RIG\u2011I\u2011dependent innate immunity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuebo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious 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Medical Virology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014611.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202206210","article-title":"Prevention and Initial Management of HIV Infection","volume":"175","author":"J Feinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern 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