{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:44:54Z","timestamp":1791830694622,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014624","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000}}],"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI168417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI168417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI159035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI159035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process essential for cellular homeostasis and adaptation to nutrient stress. The protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacks most canonical autophagy-related (ATG) genes, including the hallmark ATG8, raising longstanding questions about whether this deeply divergent parasite can perform autophagy. Here, we identify an ATG8-independent autophagy-like pathway in\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    regulated by\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac, the parasite's sole Rho family GTPase.\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac-positive double-membrane compartments are induced by encystation and nutrient depletion, and their abundance rapidly declines following amino acid replenishment but is unaffected by glucose, indicating amino acid-specific regulation.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    Target of Rapamycin (GTOR) levels decrease during nutrient depletion, and GTOR knockdown increases compartment abundance, identifying GTOR as a negative regulator of compartment formation and linking this pathway to nutrient sensing. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that these compartments form through linear and cup-shaped intermediates before becoming spherical and are subsequently cleared upon nutrient replenishment. Of nine putative ATG orthologs examined, none localized as specifically as\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac to these structures, supporting the existence of a highly divergent pathway. Nevertheless, the compartments exhibit multiple conserved autophagy-associated features, including double-membrane morphology, actin recruitment, acidification, and cysteine protease activity. Pharmacological inhibition of cysteine proteases with E-64d or blocking V-ATPase-mediated acidification with concanamycin A promotes compartment accumulation, consistent with continuous degradative turnover.\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac regulates compartment biogenesis bidirectionally: constitutive activation increases compartment abundance and size, whereas knockdown reduces them. Finally, quinacrine, an FDA-approved antigiardial drug that accumulates in acidic organelles, perturbs\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac-positive compartments, consistent with its reported effects on autophagy in other eukaryotes, raising the possibility that this pathway contributes to parasite fitness. Together, these findings establish\n                    <jats:italic>Gl<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rac as a central regulator of an ATG8-independent autophagy-like pathway in\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and demonstrate that this parasite retains key structural, regulatory, and degradation-associated features of autophagy despite the apparent absence of most canonical ATG machinery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:49:08Z","timestamp":1791308948000},"page":"e1014624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GlRac regulates an ATG8-independent autophagy-like pathway in Giardia lamblia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Hollunder","family":"Klippel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corryn","family":"Newman-Boulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dule","family":"Dule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saanya","family":"Kedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin T.","family":"Kelty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]},{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Pang","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Wei","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Bothell, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Division of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9298-3264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Paredez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014624.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0003-4","article-title":"Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy","volume":"19","author":"I 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