{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:09:54Z","timestamp":1790878194882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI166049-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI166049-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The nuclear, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    markers are widely used to differentiate\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    from its livestock counterparts,\n                    <jats:italic>S. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. curassoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from humans with ITS and\n                    <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 alleles from livestock parasites are typically inferred to be zoonotic infections and those with heterozygous ITS alleles (suggesting mixed species ancestry) are classified as recent hybrids. These classifications assume that the ITS and cox1 markers accurately reflect genome-wide ancestry. Here, we evaluated the reliability of this classification scheme by genotyping ITS and\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 132 parasites isolated from human urine, and from 37 adult schistosomes collected from cattle at 14 Nigerian locations. We also genome sequenced each sample to empirically determine livestock schistosome ancestry. ITS\/\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotyping suggested extensive recent hybridization and zoonotic infection. Among parasites from humans, 10.1% carried both\n                    <jats:italic>S. curassoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ITS, consistent with F1 or early generation hybrids, 21% had livestock schistosome markers at both\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ITS suggesting zoonotic infection, while 13.7% carried\n                    <jats:italic>S. bovis cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    alongside mixed\n                    <jats:italic>S. curassoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ITS, suggesting more complex ancestry. Genome sequencing revealed a very different picture. All parasites from humans formed a tight cluster regardless of ITS or\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype, while all worms from cattle were well differentiated. We found no schistosomes containing 50% livestock parasite ancestry consistent with F1s. Instead, we observed regionally varying levels of\n                    <jats:italic>S. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    introgression, with modest levels in southern Nigeria (mean\u2009=\u20094.9%) and low levels in northern Nigeria (mean\u2009=\u20090.06%). These results demonstrate that: (i) two-locus genotyping is uninformative for detecting zoonotic infection or recent hybridization between\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and livestock schistosomes and (ii) previous data generated using this approach requires reinterpretation. These findings reveal the limitations of widely-used approaches for documenting zoonotic infection and hybridization between\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and livestock schistosome species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:46:18Z","timestamp":1790876778000},"page":"e1014625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Misleading inference of schistosome epidemiology from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial DNA"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Egie E.","family":"Enabuele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9754-5765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roy N.","family":"Platt II","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehizogie E.","family":"Adeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin","place":["Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martins S. O.","family":"Aisien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin","place":["Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Animal and Environmental Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaremilekun G.","family":"Ajakaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adekunle Ajasin University","place":["Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Animal and Environmental Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmud U.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology","place":["Wudil, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebube C.","family":"Amaechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Zoology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolulope E.","family":"Atalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University","place":["Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Auta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University","place":["Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun B.","family":"Awosolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology","place":["Akure, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamu G.","family":"Dagona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University","place":["Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Microbiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omoyemwen","family":"Edo-Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin","place":["Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Animal and Environmental Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chika P.","family":"Ejikeugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enugu State University of Science and Technology","place":["Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Igbeneghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","place":["Ogbomoso, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Medical Laboratory Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor S.","family":"Njom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enugu State University of Science and Technology","place":["Enugu, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Onwude-Agbugui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edo State University","place":["Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary-Kate N.","family":"Orji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University","place":["Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funso O. P.","family":"Oyinloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"],"department":["Neglected Tropical Disease Division"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Oyemade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin","place":["Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Animal and Environmental Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibat J.","family":"Ozemoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Benin","place":["Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Animal and Environmental Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Pam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Polyechnic","place":["Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Science Laboratory Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uchenna I.","family":"Ugah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enfer Medical, Unit T, Newhall Business Park","place":["Naas, Ireland"],"department":["Department of Microbiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Hulke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace A.","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J. 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