{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:49:54Z","timestamp":1792090194977,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014654","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000}}],"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32473206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M741295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M741295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The temperature of water is a crucial factor that affects rhabdovirus infections in fish. Numerous rhabdoviruses, known for their high infectivity at relative low water temperatures (below 20\u00b0C), have led to significant economic impacts on global aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their temperature-dependent infectivity and pathogenicity remain unclear. Here, we employed spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), a rhabdovirus prevalent at low temperatures, as a model. We found that the low temperature markedly elevates levels of palmitic acid in zebrafish, which promotes the palmitoylation of the SVCV glycoprotein (G). This modification enhances stability and cell membrane localization of the G protein, thereby facilitating viral budding. Furthermore, we identified the acyltransferase ZDHHC15a, upregulated at low temperatures, as the mediator of this palmitoylation. A competitive peptide targeting the palmitoylation site of SVCV G exhibited potent antiviral activity. Notably, a similar mechanism was observed in other aquatic rhabdoviruses that are low-temperature susceptible. Overall, our findings elucidate the mechanism underlying the temperature sensitivity of fish rhabdoviruses and hold broader significance for understanding the temperature adaptive evolution of other aquatic viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:51:41Z","timestamp":1790617901000},"page":"e1014654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Palmitoylation of glycoproteins under low temperature enhances SVCV replication"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014654.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12521","article-title":"Compilation of antiviral treatments and strategies to fight fish viruses","volume":"13","author":"P Pereiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Aquacult"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014654.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15735-6","article-title":"Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"11","author":"M Reverter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1014654.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.07.019","article-title":"An outbreak of VHSV (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) infection in farmed olive flounder in Korea","volume":"296","author":"WS Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014654.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.6.2881-2889.2002","article-title":"Heterologous exchanges of the glycoprotein and the matrix protein in a Novirhabdovirus","volume":"76","author":"S Biacchesi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1014654.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.07.029","article-title":"The influence of temperature on viral replication and antiviral-related genes response in hirame rhabdovirus-infected flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"68","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014654.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000436","article-title":"Spring viraemia of carp virus: Recent advances","volume":"97","author":"U Ashraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen 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Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014654.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01245-23","article-title":"Palmitoylation of the hemagglutinin of influenza B virus by ER-localized DHHC enzymes 1, 2, 4, and 6 is required for efficient virus replication","volume":"97","author":"X Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1014654.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.09.016","article-title":"S-acylation controls SARS-CoV-2 membrane lipid organization and enhances infectivity","volume":"56","author":"FS Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1014654.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104709","article-title":"Glycosylation and S-palmitoylation regulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein intracellular trafficking","volume":"25","author":"C-F 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genotype IV alters temperature sensitivities in vitro","volume":"195","author":"S-H Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ppat.1014654.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198392","article-title":"Replication of heterologous glycoprotein-expressing chimeric recombinant snakehead rhabdoviruses (rSHRVs) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia viruses (rVHSVs) at different temperatures","volume":"297","author":"KM Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014654.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100256","article-title":"FASN inhibitor TVB-3166 prevents S-acylation of the spike protein of human coronaviruses","volume":"63","author":"K Mekhail","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1014654.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116540","article-title":"DHHC 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