{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:49Z","timestamp":1792788829190,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014659","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000}}],"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2023YFD1802400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1802400"]}]},{"name":"The Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province","award":["24ZD13NA008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZD13NA008"]}]},{"name":"The Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province","award":["23ZDNA007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDNA007"]}]},{"name":"The Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province","award":["22ZD6NA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZD6NA001"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Joint Research Fund","award":["24JRRA807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JRRA807"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development of Science and Technology Plan in Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202401ZY0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202401ZY0052"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CAASTIP-2026-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAASTIP-2026-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0313jb750","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015346","name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Service Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAAS-ZDRW202607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ZDRW202607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CAAS-ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0313jb750","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1610312023012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610312023012"]}]},{"name":"NBCITS","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a neglected zoonotic disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains a significant public health and veterinary concern worldwide. Despite efforts to develop recombinant protein-based vaccines against EG95, a key protective antigen, existing platforms suffer from limited immunogenicity, short-lived immunity, and complex production processes. Here, we designed and evaluated three novel mRNA-LNP vaccines, including EG95 mRNA-LNP vaccine, IL-4-EG95 mRNA-LNP vaccine encoding EG95 fused with IL-4 via a flexible linker to enhance immune stimulation, and EG95-EC95 mRNA-LNP vaccine that multivalent formulation incorporating EC95 antigens from\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus canadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The vaccine candidates were efficiently encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles and demonstrated robust target expression in vitro and in vivo. Immunization induced significantly stronger, more durable humoral and cellular immune responses compared to a commercial EG95 subunit vaccine both in mice and lambs. Notably, high levels of specific antibodies persisted for over 12 months post-vaccination. Parasites infection challenge experiments confirmed that these three mRNA-LNP vaccines, especially the IL-4-EG95 vaccine conferred superior protection, inhibited protoscolex survival and cyst growth. These results highlight the advantages of mRNA-based vaccines in safety, scalability, and flexibility over conventional approaches, offering a promising strategy for controlling\n                    <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato transmission and reducing the zoonotic burden of CE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:49:53Z","timestamp":1791568193000},"page":"e1014659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel EG95-based mRNA vaccines induce long-term protective immunity against echinococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1590-2115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Dong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Dong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Gang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture\/ Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian-Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Cai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station","place":["Xining, Qinghai Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station","place":["Xining, Qinghai Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Tao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station","place":["Xining, Qinghai Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Lu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station","place":["Xining, Qinghai Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Lan","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Vocational College","place":["Xining, Qinghai Province, China"],"department":["Animal Science Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease","place":["Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao-Quan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease","place":["Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Nong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease","place":["Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Bin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Zhong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"],"department":["State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease","place":["Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.025","article-title":"Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: 8 years of work","volume":"191","author":"E Larrieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88403-8","article-title":"Trends in the disease burden of cystic echinococcosis in China, 1990-2044 analysis and forecasting study","volume":"15","author":"J Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1014659.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02420-15","article-title":"Cystic Echinococcosis","volume":"54","author":"Higuita Agudelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583297","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/583297","article-title":"Human echinococcosis: A neglected disease","volume":"2010","author":"AM da Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014659.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182020000500541","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus genotypes verified in human hydatid disease around the world. Systematic review","volume":"37","author":"C Manterola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1014659.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.02.004","article-title":"Reinventing the wheel of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato transmission to humans","volume":"36","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.1.103","article-title":"Hydatid disease: vaccinology and development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine","volume":"4","author":"C Gauci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.03.009","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus: oncosphere-specific transcription of genes encoding a host-protective antigen","volume":"106","author":"C Chow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref009","first-page":"27","article-title":"Immunity and vaccine control of Echinococcus granulosus infection in animal intermediate hosts","volume":"46","author":"MW Lightowlers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686959","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1686959","article-title":"Development and protective efficacy of multi-epitope vaccine FL46 against cystic echinococcosis","volume":"16","author":"T Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01275-x","article-title":"Cocktail vaccine induces immunoprotection and modulates the fecal microbiota in dogs against Echinococcus granulosus infection","volume":"10","author":"G Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03125-1","article-title":"Chromosome-scale Echinococcus granulosus (genotype G1) genome reveals the Eg95 gene family and conservation of the EG95-vaccine molecule","volume":"5","author":"PK Korhonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001034","article-title":"Oncospheral penetration glands are the source of the EG95 vaccine antigen against cystic hydatid disease","volume":"138","author":"A Jabbar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1014659.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3969-3972.2002","article-title":"Molecular cloning of a vaccine antigen against infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"70","author":"C Gauci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1014659.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1996.tb01029.x","article-title":"Vaccination against hydatidosis using a defined recombinant antigen","volume":"18","author":"MW Lightowlers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014659.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004634","article-title":"Analysis on gene expression profile in oncospheres and early stage metacestodes from Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"10","author":"F Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014659.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.079","article-title":"Development of orf virus as a bifunctional recombinant vaccine: surface display of Echinococcus granulosus antigen EG95 by fusion to membrane structural proteins","volume":"30","author":"JL Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1014659.ref018","article-title":"A recombinant rabies virus expressing Echinococcus granulosus EG95 induces protective immunity in mice","volume":"69","author":"T Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.12.008","article-title":"Development of reverse genetics system for small ruminant morbillivirus: Rescuing recombinant virus to express Echinococcus granulosus EG95 antigen","volume":"261","author":"F Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022001457","article-title":"Protection against cystic echinococcosis in sheep using an Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant antigen (EG95) as a bacterin","volume":"150","author":"CG Gauci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014659.ref021","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Construction, identification, and expression of lactococcus lactis-based recombinant vaccine for Echinococcus granulosus","volume":"54","author":"W Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S499938","article-title":"A ferritin-based Eg95 nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with pCpG eliciting robust immune responses against cystic echinococcosis in mice model","volume":"20","author":"X Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2017.11.008","article-title":"A novel in silico minigene vaccine based on CD4+ T-helper and B-cell epitopes of EG95 isolates for vaccination against cystic echinococcosis","volume":"72","author":"MM Pourseif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.07.047","article-title":"A DNA vaccine (EG95-PT1\/2\/3-IL2) encoding multi-epitope antigen and IL-2 provokes efficient and long-term immunity to echinococcosis","volume":"361","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00760-5","article-title":"The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines","volume":"8","author":"C Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1014659.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278","article-title":"mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs","volume":"13","author":"U Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1014659.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020401","article-title":"mRNA vaccine development for emerging animal and zoonotic diseases","volume":"14","author":"T Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-021-00296-4","article-title":"Correction to: The safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: A review","volume":"15","author":"P Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient safety in surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1014659.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05482-0","article-title":"Nucleoside-modified mRNA immunization elicits influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies","volume":"9","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014659.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.017","article-title":"Modified mRNA vaccines protect against Zika virus infection","volume":"168","author":"JM Richner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1014659.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0032-6","article-title":"Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines","volume":"2","author":"J Lutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"7810","key":"ppat.1014659.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2220-1","article-title":"Anti-PfGARP activates programmed cell death of parasites and reduces severe malaria","volume":"582","author":"DK 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