{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T18:38:41Z","timestamp":1792780721488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202888\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202888\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226166\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226166\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    are widespread bacterial symbionts of arthropods that manipulate host reproduction and can confer fitness benefits, such as protection against viral pathogens. Their self-spreading ability coupled with their antiviral effect has been harnessed in health programmes to curb the transmission of dengue virus by\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes. In this context, a better understanding of evolutionary dynamics over short timescales is critical to inform and improve the efficacy of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -based disease control interventions. Moreover, experimental evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    may provide a powerful approach for generating novel symbiont strains with improved properties for disease control. Here we generated new mosquito cell lines by introducing five\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains from\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    into the symbiont-free\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Aa23 cell line. Following transinfection, long-read whole-genome sequencing revealed multiple mutations, including structural changes, some of them being associated with major shifts in bacterial density. Signs of convergent evolution, an excess of non-synonymous mutations and comparisons with previous studies, indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolution in cell culture is predominantly driven by selection and occurs faster than in insect hosts. Altogether, our study demonstrates that cell culture is a valuable tool to investigate short-term symbiont evolution, explore the genetic basis of bacterial density regulation and generate higher-density symbiont strains suitable for disease control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T17:46:27Z","timestamp":1792777587000},"page":"e1014735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid and convergent evolution of Wolbachia genomes in mosquito cell culture"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8210-2921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne W.","family":"Wairimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-1832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Sinkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1014735.ref001","article-title":"Still a host of hosts for Wolbachia: analysis of recent data suggests that 40% of terrestrial arthropod species are infected","volume":"7","author":"R Zug","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS 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