{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:52:49Z","timestamp":1780469569795,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#R01AI130163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01AI130163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#R01AI130163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01AI130163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#R01AI130163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01AI130163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploswater.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drinking water access and water and food insecurity have been linked to mental well-being, but few studies have comprehensively assessed potential pathways linking these associations. Understanding these mediation pathways is particularly important among pregnant women, as prenatal stress and poor mental well-being have been shown to negatively impact fetal development. In this study, we address this gap by analyzing the relationships between drinking water source and water and food insecurity with mental well-being amongst pregnant women living in low-income, urban neighborhoods of Beira, Mozambique. Data for this cross-sectional analysis were collected among third-trimester, pregnant women (n = 740) from February 2021 through October 2022 as part of a matched cohort study. Validated, cross-cultural measures of mental well-being and household water and food insecurity were administered in the survey. Drinking water source was determined by presence of a household drinking water source on-premises. We used logistic regression to characterize the associations between drinking water source, water and food insecurity, and mental well-being and causal mediation analysis to determine mediation by food and water insecurity along these pathways. We found evidence that water insecurity (OR 1.44; 95%CI 1.02, 2.02) and food insecurity (OR 2.27; 95%CI 1.57, 3.34) were individually associated with adverse mental well-being. Drinking water source was not associated with mental well-being (OR 1.00; 95%CI 0.71, 1.39), water insecurity (OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.60, 1.24), or food insecurity (OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.71, 1.47). Food insecurity may also mediate the relationship between water insecurity and mental well-being (ACME 0.05; 95%CI 0.02, 0.07; ADE 0.04; 95%CI -0.04, 0.13). Our findings support growing literature that water and food insecurity are important to mental well-being, a key aspect of overall health. Further research is needed to confirm causality along these pathways and determine specific mechanisms through which these interactions take place.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T17:31:20Z","timestamp":1718904680000},"page":"e0000219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Water, food, and mental well-being: Associations between drinking water source, household water and food insecurity, and mental well-being of low-income pregnant women in urban Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1987-3706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilly A.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jedidiah S.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-466X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua V.","family":"Garn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-5885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"McGunegill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bacelar","family":"Muneme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Lu\u00eds","family":"Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rassul","family":"Nal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-9401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25026-3","article-title":"Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions.","volume":"12","author":"C He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref002","author":"Water and Urbanization","journal-title":"In: UN-Water [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref003","journal-title":"3.2 Urbanization affects agrifood systems, creating challenges and opportunities to ensure access to affordable healthy diets."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/13600818.2015.1067292","article-title":"Urbanisation and Food Insecurity Risks: Assessing the Role of Human Development.","volume":"44","author":"S Szabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxf Dev Stud"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13051","article-title":"Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"23","author":"J Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health TM IH"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0645","article-title":"Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes.","volume":"34","author":"C Gundersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2016.158","article-title":"Psychosocial impacts of the lack of access to water and sanitation in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.","volume":"15","author":"E Bisung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112520","article-title":"Household water insecurity may influence common mental disorders directly and indirectly through multiple pathways: Evidence from Haiti.","volume":"238","author":"A Brewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2018.1521861","article-title":"I know how stressful it is to lack water!\u2019 Exploring the lived experiences of household water insecurity among pregnant and postpartum women in western Kenya.","volume":"14","author":"SM Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasec.2021.100089","article-title":"Linking water (in)security and wellbeing in low-and middle-income countries.","volume":"13","author":"J Kangmennaang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Secur"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref011","first-page":"112561","article-title":"\u201cWhen you have no water, it means you have no peace\u201d: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda.","volume":"245","author":"RC Mushavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1461","article-title":"Water and mental health.","volume":"7","author":"A Wutich","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Water."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref013","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","edition":"48"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1387.2009.01072.x","article-title":"Intrahousehold Disparities in Women and Men\u2019s Experiences of Water Insecurity and Emotional Distress in Urban Bolivia.","volume":"23","author":"A. Wutich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.042","article-title":"Water insecurity and emotional distress: Coping with supply, access, and seasonal variability of water in a Bolivian squatter settlement.","volume":"67","author":"A Wutich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155981","article-title":"An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries.","volume":"11","author":"JP Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-020-09802-z","article-title":"Slums, women and sanitary living in South-South Nigeria.","volume":"36","author":"EM Akpabio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hous Built Environ HBE"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref018","article-title":"Water Source Preferences and Water Quality Perceptions among Women in the Eastern Region, Ghana: A Grounded Theory Study.","volume":"16","author":"JF Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01769-3","article-title":"Health gender gap in Uganda: do weather effects and water play a role?","volume":"21","author":"EI Amondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2021.1931225","article-title":"Water fetching burden: A qualitative study to examine how it differs by gender among rural households in the west region of Cameroon.","volume":"43","author":"CD Nounkeu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref021","article-title":"The Physical Burden of Water Carrying and Women\u2019s Psychosocial Well-Being: Evidence from Rural Nepal.","volume":"18","author":"VMJ Tomberge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61497-0","article-title":"Gender disparities in water, sanitation, and global health","volume":"386","author":"BA Caruso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-52","article-title":"Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa.","volume":"9","author":"J-AL Geere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102148","article-title":"Water borrowing is consistently practiced globally and is associated with water-related system failures across diverse environments.","volume":"64","author":"AY Rosinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010406","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.010406","article-title":"Carrying water may be a major contributor to disability from musculoskeletal disorders in low income countries: a cross-sectional survey in South Africa, Ghana and Vietnam.","volume":"8","author":"J-A Geere","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2021.100008","article-title":"Household water insecurity and psychological distress in Eastern Ethiopia: Unfairness and water sharing as undertheorized factors.","volume":"1","author":"A Brewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Ment Health."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref027","article-title":"Clean Water and Sanitation.","author":"H Ritchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Our World Data."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001750","article-title":"The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries.","volume":"4","author":"SL Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvement in access to safe water, household water insecurity, and time savings: A cross-sectional retrospective study in Kenya.","volume":"200","author":"E Bisung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6043-z","article-title":"Water insecurity and gendered risk for depression in rural Uganda: a hotspot analysis.","volume":"18","author":"CE Cooper-Vince","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23309","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23309","article-title":"Household water insecurity is strongly associated with food insecurity: Evidence from 27 sites in low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"32","author":"Network (HWISE-RCN) HWIE-RC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.03.022","article-title":"Water insecurity in 3 dimensions: An anthropological perspective on water and women\u2019s psychosocial distress in Ethiopia.","volume":"75","author":"EGJ Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153432","article-title":"Community Water Improvement, Household Water Insecurity, and Women\u2019s Psychological Distress: An Intervention and Control Study in Ethiopia.","volume":"11","author":"EGJ Stevenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040825","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040825","article-title":"Cross-sectional study to measure household water insecurity and its health outcomes in urban Mexico","volume":"11","author":"WE Jepson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.04.008","article-title":"Food Insecurity and Mental Health Status: A Global Analysis of 149 Countries.","volume":"53","author":"AD Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171221089627","article-title":"Food Insecurity and Mental Well-Being Among Low-Income Families During COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"36","author":"J Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-020-00309-1","article-title":"Food Insecurity and Psychological Distress: A Review of the Recent Literature.","volume":"9","author":"CA Myers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0699-5","article-title":"Household food insecurity and mental distress among pregnant women in Southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study design.","volume":"15","author":"MG Jebena","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref039","first-page":"126","article-title":"The Relationship between Household Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Study.","volume":"15","author":"M Khoshgoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207799","article-title":"Food insecurity and mental health: an analysis of routine primary care data of pregnant women in the Born in Bradford cohort.","volume":"71","author":"M Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref041","journal-title":"Household food insecurity is associated with depressive symptoms among low\u2010income pregnant Latinas"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40097.x","article-title":"Changes in the Health Status of Women During and After Pregnancy.","volume":"20","author":"JS Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref043","article-title":"Association of high cortisol levels in pregnancy and poor postpartum mental health and altered fetal growth.","author":"G Babu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Analysis in the MAASTHI cohort study, Bengalur."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990894","article-title":"Maternal psychological distress and fetal growth trajectories: the Generation R Study.","volume":"40","author":"J Henrichs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000076","article-title":"Prenatal maternal mental health and fetal growth restriction: a systematic review.","volume":"7","author":"AJ Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref046","article-title":"Multigenerational adversity impacts on human gut microbiome composition and socioemotional functioning in early childhood"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.613","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorders in primary care settings in Sofala Province, Mozambique.","volume":"9","author":"A Muanido","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref048","article-title":"Keeping Food Markets working in Beira during COVID-19 and beyond","journal-title":"In: foodactioncities [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref049","journal-title":"Financing for Resilient and Green Urban Solutions in Beira, Mozambique | UN-Habitat."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.28.22281675","volume-title":"Study Design and Rationale for the PAASIM Project, a Matched Cohort Study on Urban Water Supply Improvements and Infant Enteric Pathogen Infection, Gut Microbiome Development, and Health in Mozambique.","author":"K Levy","year":"2022"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref051","journal-title":"Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000\u20122020: Five years into the SDGs"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref052","journal-title":"Drinking water | JMP"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref053","journal-title":"Population living in slums (% of urban population)\u2014Mozambique | Data"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref054","journal-title":"About Beira\u2013Bristol Link with Beira"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref055","journal-title":"Port City Beira in Mozambique Hit By Flooding After Cyclone Gombe\u2014Bloomberg"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref056","article-title":"HI supports forgotten communities in the slums of Beira, Mozambique","journal-title":"In: HI supports forgotten communities in the slums of Beira, Mozambique [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-08-2023-0211","article-title":"The distribution of Cyclone Idai\u2019s water impacts in Beira, Mozambique.","volume":"33","author":"C McCordic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disaster Prev Manag Int J"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref058","article-title":"Development Projects: Water Services & Institutional Support II\u2014P149377","journal-title":"In: World Bank [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-022-01213-8","article-title":"Systems analysis and improvement approach to optimize outpatient mental health treatment cascades in Mozambique (SAIA-MH): study protocol for a cluster randomized trial.","volume":"17","author":"VFJ Cumbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref060","journal-title":"SAIA-Mental Health: Systematizing Detection | Health Alliance International."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref061","article-title":"PAASIM","author":"Matthew Freeman","journal-title":"In: Freeman Research Group [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","article-title":"The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"84","author":"CW Topp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref063","journal-title":"WHO-5 Questionnaires"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy094","article-title":"Household water sharing: a missing link in international health.","volume":"11","author":"J Stoler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref065","volume-title":"Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update.","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref066","author":"HRC Network","journal-title":"HWISE User Manual"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref067","journal-title":"User Guide: Household Water Insecurity Experiences | Food Security and Nutrition Network"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref068","volume-title":"Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide: Version 3: (576842013\u2013001).","author":"J Coates","year":"2007"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref069","journal-title":"FAOSTAT"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref070","author":"L Broyles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Climate and hydrological seasonal effects on household water insecurity: A systematic review"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref071","journal-title":"Mozambique Weather & Climate (+ Climate Chart). In: SafariBookings.com [Internet]"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref072","author":"M. Schreiner","journal-title":"Simple Poverty Scorecard\u00ae Poverty-Assessment Tool Mozambique"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref073","journal-title":"R: The R Project for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179.ch3","volume-title":"Structural Equations with Latent Variables","author":"KA Bollen","year":"1989"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref075","unstructured":"mediation.pdf. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mediation\/mediation.pdf"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref076","first-page":"113043","article-title":"The syndemic effects of food insecurity, water insecurity, and HIV on depressive symptomatology among Kenyan women.","volume":"295","author":"GO Boateng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab030","article-title":"Household Water and Food Insecurity Are Positively Associated with Poor Mental and Physical Health among Adults Living with HIV in Western Kenya","volume":"151","author":"JD Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0267344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267344","article-title":"Household water and food insecurity negatively impacts self-reported physical and mental health in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.","volume":"17","author":"TN Vuong","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1387","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Women with Depression.","volume":"19","author":"P Bansil","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Womens Health."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1586\/17474108.3.3.391","article-title":"Effect of maternal mental illness on pregnancy outcomes.","volume":"3","author":"KJ Gold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111","article-title":"A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction.","volume":"67","author":"NK Grote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref082","first-page":"183","article-title":"Dietary inequalities of mother-child pairs in the rural Amazon: Evidence of maternal-child buffering?","volume":"96","author":"BA Piperata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref083","journal-title":"Maternal nutrition | UNICEF"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref084","first-page":"112412","article-title":"Testing the theoretical similarities between food and water insecurity: Buffering hypothesis and effects on mental wellbeing","volume":"244","author":"A. Maxfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref085","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mozambique Price Bulletin, March 2022\u2014Mozambique | ReliefWeb"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23357","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23357","article-title":"\u201cIf there is no water, we cannot feed our children\u201d: The far-reaching consequences of water insecurity on infant feeding practices and infant health across 16 low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"32","author":"Network (HWISE-RCN) HWIE-RC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134848","article-title":"A Qualitative Examination of Water Access and Related Coping Behaviors to Understand Its Link to Food Insecurity among Rural Households in the West Region in Cameroon.","volume":"17","author":"CD Nounkeu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref088","author":"Water Insecurity Driving Food Insecurity [\u201cWI>FI\u201d].","year":"2019","journal-title":"In: Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE)\u2014Research Coordination Network (RCN) [Internet]."},{"key":"pwat.0000219.ref089","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood-level water and sanitation access in informal urban settlements: A cross-sectional case study in Beira, Mozambique","journal-title":"PLOS Water"}],"container-title":["PLOS Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T17:32:07Z","timestamp":1718904727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000219"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sonia Ferdous","family":"Hoque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}