{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:22:24Z","timestamp":1790724144536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES032396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES032396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES026529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES026529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KY006133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY006133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploswater.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To increase our understanding of the factors that influence formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in rural drinking systems, we investigated the spatial and seasonal variation in trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations in relation to various chemical and physical variables in a rural public drinking water system in Martin County, Kentucky, USA. We collected drinking water samples from 97 individual homes over the course of one year and analyzed them for temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, free chlorine, total chlorine, THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, dichlorobromomethane, and bromoform) and HAAs (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid). Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed only weak overall clustering for HAA concentrations and none for THMs. The relationship between modeled water age and TTHM or HAA5 concentrations varied seasonally. In contrast, there was strong variation for both HAA and THMs, with concentrations of HAA peaking in mid-summer and THMs peaking in early fall. Multiple regression analysis revealed that THM concentrations were strongly correlated with conductivity, while HAA concentrations were more strongly correlated with water temperature. Individual DBP species that only contained chlorine halogen groups were strongly correlated with temperature, while compounds containing bromine were more strongly correlated with conductivity. Further investigation revealed that increased drinking water conductivity associated with low discharge of the Tug Fork River, the source water, is highly correlated with increased concentrations of bromide. Discharge and conductivity of the Tug Fork River changed dramatically through the year contributing to a seasonal peak in bromide concentrations in the late summer and early fall and appeared to be a driver of brominated THM concentrations. Brominated DBPs tend to have higher toxicity than DBPs containing only chlorine, therefore this study provides important insight into the seasonal factors driving risk from exposure to DBPs in rural drinking water systems impacted by bromide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T18:20:50Z","timestamp":1709576450000},"page":"e0000227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spatial and seasonal variation in disinfection byproducts concentrations in a rural public drinking water system: A case study of Martin County, Kentucky, USA"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-5261","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Unrine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Jay","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindell","family":"Ormsbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricki","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Cromer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Pennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-3571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna G.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref001","unstructured":"ASCE. 2021 Report card for America\u2019s infrastructure. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pwat.0000227.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300189","article-title":"Drinking water infrastructure and environmental disparities: evidence and methodological considerations","volume":"101","author":"J. VanDerslice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pwat.0000227.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719805115","article-title":"National trends in drinking water quality violations","volume":"115","author":"M Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref004","unstructured":"USEPA. Report on the environment. Washington, D.C.: 2016."},{"issue":"14","key":"pwat.0000227.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.006","article-title":"Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: A chronological review","volume":"407","author":"S Chowdhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref006","unstructured":"USEPA. Stage 1 and stage 2 disinfectants and disinfection byproducts rules. 2019 [cited 2019 December 18, 2018]; https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwreginfo\/stage-1-and-stage-2-disinfectants-and-disinfection-byproducts-rules."},{"issue":"3","key":"pwat.0000227.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc","article-title":"Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer\u2014A pooled analysis","volume":"15","author":"CM Villanueva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00006","article-title":"Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion","volume":"9","author":"K Waller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP103","article-title":"Disinfection by-product exposures and the risk of specific cardiac birth defects","volume":"125","author":"JM Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"10","key":"pwat.0000227.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104861","article-title":"Exposure to disinfectant by-products and the risk of stillbirth in Massachusetts","volume":"75","author":"Z Rivera-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pwat.0000227.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi211","article-title":"The Effect of Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Exposure on Fetal Growth in a Maryland County","volume":"162","author":"CK Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.2.73","article-title":"Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review","volume":"57","author":"MJ Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pwat.0000227.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00008","article-title":"Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products","volume":"10","author":"JB Klotz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pwat.0000227.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.09.001","article-title":"Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research","volume":"636","author":"SD Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.071","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal variability of tap water disinfection by-products within distribution pipe networks","volume":"506\u2013507","author":"P Charisiadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"pwat.0000227.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2010.509438","article-title":"The impact of variable hydraulic operation of water distribution networks on disinfection by-product concentrations","volume":"7","author":"E Idornigie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban water journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pwat.0000227.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.1c00493","article-title":"Effects of Intrusion on Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Intermittent Distribution Systems","volume":"2","author":"KE Furst","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"issue":"16","key":"pwat.0000227.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.07.032","article-title":"Spatial variation of disinfection by-product concentrations: Exposure assessment implications","volume":"47","author":"AM Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"20","key":"pwat.0000227.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.08.018","article-title":"Behavior of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in a drinking water distribution system","volume":"38","author":"MJ Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.11.001","article-title":"Sources of variability in levels and exposure to trihalomethanes","volume":"103","author":"CM Villanueva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pwat.0000227.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.08.019","article-title":"Seasonal variation in drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products in IZMIR and associated human health risks","volume":"407","author":"D Baytak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pwat.0000227.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.02.032","article-title":"Disinfection by-products and their precursors in a water treatment plant in North China: Seasonal changes and fraction analysis","volume":"397","author":"C Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"9","key":"pwat.0000227.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60573-6","article-title":"Seasonal variation effects on the formation of trihalomethane during chlorination of water from Yangtze River and associated cancer risk assessment","volume":"23","author":"SG Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pwat.0000227.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.017798","article-title":"Identifying public water facilities with low spatial variability of disinfection by-products for epidemiological investigations","volume":"62","author":"AF Hinckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pwat.0000227.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36118","article-title":"Risk and protective factors in the origin of conotruncal defects of heart\u2014a population-based case\u2013control study","volume":"161","author":"M Cs\u00e1ky-Szunyogh","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pwat.0000227.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050548","article-title":"Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans","volume":"14","author":"S Parvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref027","unstructured":"Cromer MD, R. Drinking Water Affordability Crisis, Martin County, Kentucky. Appalachian Citizen\u2019s Law Center, Whitesburg, Kentucky, United States of America. 2019."},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141606","article-title":"The role of biofilms on the formation and decay of disinfection by-products in chlor(am)inated water distribution systems","volume":"753","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"14","key":"pwat.0000227.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00059-8","article-title":"DBP formation kinetics in a simulated distribution system","volume":"35","author":"LA Rossman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2020.26416","article-title":"Factors affecting the formation of DBPs by chlorine disinfection in water distribution system","volume":"205","author":"K Zhanga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination and Water Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pwat.0000227.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-011-9229-8","article-title":"Predicting chlorine decay and THM formation in water supply systems","volume":"10","author":"D Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio\/Technology"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref032","unstructured":"USEPA. EPA Method 524.2: Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry. Cincinnati Ohio: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1992."},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref033","unstructured":"USEPA. EPA method 552.2: Determination of haloacetic acids and dalapon in drinking water by liquid-liquid extraction, derivitization and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Cincinnati, OH: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 1995."},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref034","unstructured":"USEPA. Method 330.1: Chlorine, Total Residual (Spectrophotometric, DPD). In: Agency USEP, editor. Washington, DC1978."},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.04.037","article-title":"Rapid IC\u2013ICP\/MS method for simultaneous analysis of iodoacetic acids, bromoacetic acids, bromate, and other related halogenated compounds in water","volume":"79","author":"H Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref036","unstructured":"Wood D. KYPIPE: Computer Analysis of Flow in Pipe Networks Including Extended Period Simulations. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, College of Engineering, 1980."},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref037","unstructured":"Rossman L. EPANET 2 User\u2019s Manual. In: Laboratory NRM, editor. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. EPA; 2000."},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.04.062","article-title":"A one-year long survey of temporal disinfection byproducts variations in a consumer\u2019s tap and their removals by a point-of-use facility","volume":"159","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pwat.0000227.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2008.00140.x","article-title":"Trihalomethanes in the drinking water of Concepci\u00f3n and Talcahuano, Chile","volume":"23","author":"R Loyola-Sepulveda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water and Environment Journal"},{"issue":"13","key":"pwat.0000227.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00231-1","article-title":"Simulation of THM species in water distribution systems","volume":"34","author":"WE Elshorbagy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.09.046","article-title":"Seasonal variations of disinfection by-product precursors profile and their removal through surface water treatment plants","volume":"390","author":"V Uyak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"pwat.0000227.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09474.x","article-title":"DOC and DBP precursors in western US watersheds and reservoirs","volume":"94","author":"M-L Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal AWWA"},{"issue":"12","key":"pwat.0000227.ref043","first-page":"3361","article-title":"Drivers of disinfection byproduct formation and speciation in small, chlorinated coastal groundwater systems: relative roles of bromide and organic matter, and the need for improved source water characterization and monitoring","volume":"6","author":"TR Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pwat.0000227.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2004.0062","article-title":"Watershed sources of disinfection byproduct precursors","volume":"4","author":"DA Reckhow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"issue":"2","key":"pwat.0000227.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.04.017","article-title":"Investigation of bromide ion effects on disinfection by-products formation and speciation in an Istanbul water supply","volume":"149","author":"V Uyak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"13","key":"pwat.0000227.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1021\/es026230q","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Formation and Relative Distribution of Haloacetic Acids and Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water","volume":"37","author":"L Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.074","article-title":"The impact of commercially treated oil and gas produced water discharges on bromide concentrations and modeled brominated trihalomethane disinfection byproducts at two downstream municipal drinking water plants in the upper Allegheny River, Pennsylvania, USA","volume":"542","author":"MS Landis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.239","article-title":"Temperature dependence of characteristics of organic precursors, bromide, and disinfection byproduct formation","volume":"662","author":"C-H Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"pwat.0000227.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09702.x","article-title":"DBP formation during chlorination and chloramination: Effect of reaction time, pH, dosage, and temperature","volume":"100","author":"G Hua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal AWWA"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"pwat.0000227.ref050","first-page":"902","article-title":"Variations of bromide in potable ground water in the United States","volume":"42","author":"SN Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"issue":"8","key":"pwat.0000227.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E432","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2013.105.0093","article-title":"Marcellus Shale drilling and brominated THMs in Pittsburgh, Pa., drinking water","volume":"105","author":"S States","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal AWWA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pwat.0000227.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03036","article-title":"Coal-Fired Power Plant Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Bromide Discharges to U.S. Watersheds and Their Contributions to Drinking Water Sources","volume":"53","author":"KD Good","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pwat.0000227.ref053","first-page":"17","article-title":"Bromine comes to the rescue for mercury plant emissions","volume":"93","author":"M. Reisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemical and Engineering News"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref054","unstructured":"VanBriesen J. Potential Drinking Water Effects of Bromide Discharges from Coal-Fired Electric Power Plants. U.S. EPA, 2017 Contract No.: Merrimack station NPDES comments."},{"issue":"11","key":"pwat.0000227.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1002\/awwa.1145","article-title":"Modeling Bromide River Transport and Bromide Impacts on Disinfection Byproducts","volume":"110","author":"DA Cornwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal AWWA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pwat.0000227.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-018-2161-y","article-title":"Probabilistic assessment of projected climatological drought characteristics over the Southeast USA","volume":"147","author":"S Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"10","key":"pwat.0000227.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31822b8334","article-title":"The effect of water disinfection by-products on pregnancy outcomes in two southeastern US communities","volume":"53","author":"BJ Horton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occupational and Environmental Med"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.02.002","article-title":"Concentrations and correlations of disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water from an exposure assessment perspective","volume":"114","author":"CM Villanueva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"pwat.0000227.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2021.100089","article-title":"Use of trihalomethanes as a surrogate for haloacetonitrile exposure introduces misclassification bias","volume":"11","author":"KE Furst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Research X"}],"container-title":["PLOS Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T18:21:39Z","timestamp":1709576499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000227"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vikram","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000227","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]}}}