{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:32:50Z","timestamp":1770730370736,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSAIPA\/AI\/0087\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/AI\/0087\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.10157.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.10157.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosdigitalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Digit Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiology and Public Health have increasingly relied on structured and unstructured data, collected inside and outside of typical health systems, to study, identify, and mitigate diseases at the population level. Focusing on infectious diseases, we review the state of Digital Epidemiology at the beginning of 2020 and how it changed after the COVID-19 pandemic, in both nature and breadth. We argue that Epidemiology\u2019s progressive use of data generated outside of clinical and public health systems creates several technical challenges, particularly in carrying specific biases that are almost impossible to correct for <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>. Using a statistical perspective, we discuss how a definition of Digital Epidemiology that emphasizes \u201cdata-type\u201d instead of \u201cdata-source,\u201d may be more operationally useful, by clarifying key methodological differences and gaps. Therefore, we briefly describe some of the possible biases arising from varied collection methods and sources, and offer some recommendations to better explore the potential of Digital Epidemiology, particularly on how to help reduce inequity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T19:06:07Z","timestamp":1736795167000},"page":"e0000670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Epidemiological methods in transition: Minimizing biases in classical and digital approaches"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L\u00edlia","family":"Perfeito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Paolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-2126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pdig.0000670.ref001","volume-title":"Epidemiology: An introduction.","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2024"},{"key":"pdig.0000670.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094402","article-title":"Social media- and internet-based disease surveillance for public health","volume":"41","author":"AE Aiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pdig.0000670.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002616","article-title":"Digital epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"M Salathe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pdig.0000670.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40504-017-0065-7","article-title":"Digital epidemiology: what is it, and where is it going?","volume":"14","author":"M. 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