{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:16:48Z","timestamp":1772176608602,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["COOPI-00709\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COOPI-00709\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["COOPI-00709\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COOPI-00709\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Newton Fund\/ Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/R022747\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R022747\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017\/50356-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/50356-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Health workers (HWs) are a key resource for health systems worldwide, and have been affected heavily by the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence is consolidating on incidence and drivers of infections, predominantly in high-income settings. It is however unclear what the risk factors may be for specific health professions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a cross-sectional survey in a representative sample of 1,183 medical doctors registered with Brazil\u2019s Federal Council of Medicine in one developed (S\u00e3o Paulo) and one disadvantaged state (Maranh\u00e3o). Between February-June 2021, we administered a telephone questionnaire to collect data on physicians\u2019 demographics, deployment to services, vaccination status, and self-reported COVID-19 infections. We performed descriptive, univariate, and multilevel clustered analysis to explore the association between physicians\u2019 infection rates, and their sociodemographic and employment characteristics. A generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio. We found that 35.8% of physicians in our sample declared having been infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus during the first year of the pandemic. The infection rate in Maranh\u00e3o (49.2%) [95% CI 45.0\u201353.4] was almost twice that in S\u00e3o Paulo (24.1%) [95% CI 20.8\u201327.5]. Being a physician in Maranh\u00e3o [95% CI 2.08\u20133.57], younger than 50 years [95% CI 1.41\u20132.89] and having worked in a COVID-19 ward [95% CI 1.28\u20132.27], were positively associated with the probability of infection. Conversely, working with diagnostic services [95% CI 0.53\u20130.96], in administrative functions [95% CI 0.42\u20130.80], or in teaching and research [95% CI 0.48\u20130.91] were negatively associated. Based on our data from Brazil, COVID-19 infections in LMICs may be more likely in health systems with lower physician-to-patient ratios, and younger doctors working in COVID-19 wards may be infected more frequently. Such findings may be used to identify policies to mitigate COVID-19 effects on HWs in LMICs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T13:29:21Z","timestamp":1665754161000},"page":"e0000656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Demographic and professional risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infections among physicians in low- and middle-income settings: Findings from a representative survey in two Brazilian states"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2716-369X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Cassenote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Scheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0000656.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-017-0221-9","article-title":"Using the World Health Organization health system building blocks through survey of healthcare professionals to determine the performance of public healthcare facilities","volume":"75","author":"T. 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