{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:17:49Z","timestamp":1778577469049,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T18:32:06Z","timestamp":1515695526000},"page":"e0006082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-302X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno L.","family":"Travi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Cordeiro-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Dantas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002182","article-title":"Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in the americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"VS Belo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.011","article-title":"Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"227","author":"RM Reguera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.044","article-title":"Relationship between dog culling and incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area","volume":"170","author":"CM Nunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary parasitology"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"537","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis and euthanasia in Italy: a critical legal-ethical analysis","volume":"29","author":"A Passantino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et technique"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.011","article-title":"Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"137","author":"O Francino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0991-2","article-title":"Development of a LAMP assay for detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using conjunctival swab samples","volume":"8","author":"CH Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0145","article-title":"A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care","volume":"93","author":"A Castellanos-Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02331-09","article-title":"Comparison of Leishmania OligoC-TesT PCR with conventional and real-time PCR for Diagnosis of canine Leishmania infection","volume":"48","author":"C Carson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022","article-title":"Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"165","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(90)90031-7","article-title":"Amplification of kinetoplast DNA as a tool in the detection and diagnosis of Leishmania","volume":"71","author":"MR Rodgers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105419","article-title":"Evaluation of a gp63-PCR based assay as a molecular diagnosis tool in canine leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"9","author":"S Guerbouj","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.12.012","article-title":"Comparison of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs with different clinical signs","volume":"145","author":"M Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary parasitology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1086\/383281","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction using noninvasively obtained samples, for the detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in dogs","volume":"189","author":"D Strauss-Ayali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.017","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR and conventional PCR with two DNA targets for detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in human and dog blood samples","volume":"133","author":"A Mohammadiha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002081","article-title":"Value of two PCR methods for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the detection of asymptomatic carriers","volume":"125","author":"L Lachaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.019","article-title":"Comparison of different tissue sampling for PCR-based diagnosis and follow-up of canine visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"125","author":"L Manna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.006","article-title":"Leishmania-FAST15: A rapid, sensitive and low-cost real-time PCR assay for the detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA in canine blood samples","volume":"31","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.010","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by real-time PCR in canine oral and conjunctival swabs and comparison with other diagnostic techniques","volume":"184","author":"G Lombardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.03.017","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: diagnostic approaches based on polymerase chain reaction employing different biological samples","volume":"76","author":"AB Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.020","article-title":"PCR diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in asymptomatic dogs using conjunctival swab samples","volume":"170","author":"RS Leite","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.005","article-title":"Value of the oral swab for the molecular diagnosis of dogs in different stages of infection with Leishmania infantum","volume":"225","author":"M Aschar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1086\/383281","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction using noninvasively obtained samples, for the detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in dogs","volume":"189","author":"D Strauss-Ayali","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.022","article-title":"Evaluation of the conjunctival swab for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis by PCR-hybridization in Minas Gerais State","volume":"152","author":"A Ferreira Sde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-009-0669-9","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic method for infectious diseases","volume":"15","author":"Y Mori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.011","article-title":"Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the sensitive and rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"75","author":"S Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-280","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Leishmania DNA in buffy coat from visceral leishmaniasis patients","volume":"5","author":"MG Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.245829","article-title":"Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Diagnostic Applications","volume":"62","author":"RK Daher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1021\/ac1000652","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification integrated on microfluidic chips for point-of-care quantitative detection of pathogens","volume":"82","author":"X Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analytical chemistry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013733","article-title":"Real-time fluorescence loop mediated isothermal amplification for the diagnosis of malaria","volume":"5","author":"NW Lucchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.025","article-title":"Development and evaluation of real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification for hepatitis B virus DNA quantification: a new tool for HBV management","volume":"41","author":"T Cai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104667","article-title":"Rapid detection of shrimp white spot syndrome virus by real time, isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay","volume":"9","author":"X Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02347-4","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model","volume":"18","author":"J Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00823.x","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications","volume":"20","author":"MN Saridomichelakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.12.009","article-title":"Profile of anti-Leishmania antibodies related to clinical picture in canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"93","author":"JC de Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.08.011","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G and E responses in various stages of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"103","author":"L Iniesta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.037","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G subclass distribution in, canine leishmaniosis: A review and analysis of pitfalls in interpretation","volume":"147","author":"MJ Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2014048005224","article-title":"Serological and infection statuses of dogs from a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area","volume":"48","author":"DF Laranjeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.001","article-title":"Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi","volume":"112","author":"AB Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.007","article-title":"A long term experimental study of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"A Rodriguez-Cortes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.11.1184","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs","volume":"236","author":"S Paltrinieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Javma-Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5515-5519.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs","volume":"43","author":"M Mettler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.003","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs from northeastern Portugal","volume":"120","author":"S Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001946","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Direct Agglutination Test: Using Pictorials as Training Materials to Reduce Inter-Reader Variability and Improve Accuracy","volume":"6","author":"ER Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.5.967-968.2003","article-title":"Modified direct agglutination test for simplified serologic diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"P Gomez-Ochoa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.02.006","article-title":"A prototype of the direct agglutination test kit (DAT-Canis) for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"221","author":"E Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00268-6","article-title":"Development of a fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs","volume":"109","author":"HD Schallig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"S Paltrinieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-111","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis: comparison of three commercial ELISA tests (Leiscan (R), ID Screen (R) and Leishmania 96 (R)), a rapid test (Speed Leish K (R)) and an in-house IFAT","volume":"7","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02402-09","article-title":"Application of an Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method for Serological Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis","volume":"48","author":"N Santarem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.58-63.1998","article-title":"Multicomponent chimeric antigen for serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"M Soto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"177","article-title":"Flow cytometry: basic concepts and clinical applications in immunodiagnostics","volume":"6","author":"EA Goetzman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.001","article-title":"Serological evaluation of experimentally infected dogs by LicTXNPx-ELISA and amastigote-flow cytometry","volume":"158","author":"R Silvestre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0366","article-title":"Leishmania Infection: Laboratory Diagnosing in the Absence of a "Gold Standard"","volume":"82","author":"A Rodriguez-Cortes","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0768","article-title":"An rK28-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America","volume":"95","author":"MA Lauricella","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12281","article-title":"Recombinant K28 antigen in ELISA in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"37","author":"GL Venturin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000822","article-title":"Design, Development and Evaluation of rK28-Based Point-of-Care Tests for Improving Rapid Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"S Pattabhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00240-4","article-title":"Immune response against Leishmania antigens in dogs naturally and experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum","volume":"81","author":"A Rhalem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00643-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the Leishmania recombinant K39 antigen as a diagnostic marker for canine leishmaniasis and validation of a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"104","author":"A Scalone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.758","article-title":"rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"173","author":"R Badaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.363","article-title":"Serodiagnosis and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Turkey","volume":"59","author":"S Ozensoy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002057","article-title":"Comparison of visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic antigens in African and Asian Leishmania donovani reveals extensive diversity and region-specific polymorphisms","volume":"7","author":"T Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2352-2356.2002","article-title":"Rapid detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative study using an immunochromatographic dipstick test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PCR","volume":"40","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.021","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rKLO8 versus rK26 ELISAs for screening of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"166","author":"LPM Abad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003429","article-title":"Novel Recombinant Multiepitope Proteins for the Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Leishmania infantum-Infected Dogs","volume":"9","author":"AR Faria","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4904-x","article-title":"A new Leishmania-specific hypothetical protein and its non-described specific B cell conformational epitope applied in the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"115","author":"DP Lage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0651-6","article-title":"Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA)-based evaluation of novel recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"IQ de Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.019","article-title":"Immunoproteomic and bioinformatic approaches to identify secreted Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. infantum proteins with specific reactivity using canine serum","volume":"223","author":"BS Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.05.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum excreted-secreted antigens for detection of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"161","author":"V Pinedo-Cancino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80102-5","article-title":"Standardization of a rapid immunochromatographic test with the recombinant antigens K39 and K26 for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"97","author":"RT da Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0285-2014","article-title":"Comparison of recombinant A2-ELISA with rKE16 dipstick and direct agglutination tests for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Northwestern Iran","volume":"48","author":"M Farahmand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5515-5519.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs","volume":"43","author":"M Mettler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.002","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the DPP((R)) CVL rapid test for canine serodiagnosis in area of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"205","author":"MD Laurenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00399-5","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial with allopurinol in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"98","author":"AF Koutinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.05.003","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis\u2013new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part two","volume":"24","author":"G Miro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00824.x","article-title":"Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis","volume":"20","author":"G Miro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2792-7","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis: in vitro efficacy of miltefosine and marbofloxacin alone or in combination with allopurinol against clinical strains of Leishmania infantum","volume":"110","author":"AM Farca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00460.x","article-title":"Treatment of canine Old World visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"C Noli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185981","article-title":"Treatment of canine leishmaniasis with marbofloxacin in dogs with renal disease","volume":"12","author":"C Pineda","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.09.014","article-title":"Use of domperidone in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"P G\u00f3mez-Ochoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.03.010","article-title":"A single-centre, open-label, controlled, randomized clinical trial to assess the preventive efficacy of a domperidone-based treatment programme against clinical canine leishmaniasis in a high prevalence area","volume":"115","author":"D Sabat\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preventive veterinary medicine"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"87","article-title":"Laboratory adaptation of an autochthonous colony of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"51","author":"R Molina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Rev Parasitol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00364.x","article-title":"Leishmania infantum infection rates in Phlebotomus perniciosus fed on naturally infected dogs under antimonial treatment","volume":"1","author":"L Gradoni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812879","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis: clinical, parasitological and entomological follow-up after chemotherapy","volume":"88","author":"J Alvar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00128-9","article-title":"Evaluation of a specific immunochemotherapy for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"88","author":"JL Guarga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00223-08","article-title":"Reduced tissue parasitic load and infectivity to sand flies in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi following treatment with a liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate","volume":"52","author":"RR Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-52","article-title":"Infectivity to Phlebotomus perniciosus of dogs naturally parasitized with Leishmania infantum after different treatments","volume":"4","author":"G Miro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-12","article-title":"Efficacy of combined therapy with liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol in treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"SM da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of infectivity of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and treated with miltefosine by using a xenodiagnosis","author":"K AV De Mari","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002583","article-title":"Heterogeneities in Leishmania infantum Infection","volume":"8","author":"O Courtenay","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.06.016","article-title":"A systematic review of the efficacy of prophylactic control measures for naturally occurring canine leishmaniosis. Part II: topically applied insecticide treatments and prophylactic medications","volume":"117","author":"CE Wylie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.06.015","article-title":"A systematic review of the efficacy of prophylactic control measures for naturally-occurring canine leishmaniosis, part I: vaccinations","volume":"117","author":"CE Wylie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3172","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003172","article-title":"Effectiveness of insecticide spraying and culling of dogs on the incidence of Leishmania infantum infection in humans: a cluster randomized trial in Teresina, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"CD008736","article-title":"Vector and reservoir control for preventing leishmaniasis","author":"U Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002355","article-title":"Culling dogs in scenarios of imperfect control: realistic impact on the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"DN Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09609-5","article-title":"Effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars on incidence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iranian children: a matched-cluster randomised trial","volume":"360","author":"AS Gavgani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.09.006","article-title":"Are insecticide-impregnated dog collars a feasible alternative to dog culling as a strategy for controlling canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil?","volume":"34","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1603634507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}}}