{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T03:27:28Z","timestamp":1770780448176,"version":"3.50.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29521\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29521\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SOC-ANT\/30316\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SOC-ANT\/30316\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIA\/04050\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIA\/04050\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T18:35:26Z","timestamp":1583174126000},"page":"e0008081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evolutionary analysis of Mycobacterium bovis genotypes across Africa suggests co-evolution with livestock and humans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-7432","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osvaldo Frederico","family":"Inlamea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-5219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cassia Yumi","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-9788","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcos Bryan","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara Juma","family":"Ach\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-6245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Soares","family":"Ferreira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8374-6347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10059","key":"pntd.0008081.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32186-9","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis in Africa: challenges and ways forward","volume":"388","author":"L Carruth","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref002","unstructured":"WHO, FAO, OIE. Roadmap for zoonotic tuberculosis. 2017;World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)(Available online at: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259229\/9789241513043-eng.pdf;jsessionid=128997632CBEDCBBD8782EC540C238C8?sequence=1)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980108","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries","volume":"4","author":"O Cosivi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008081.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091527","article-title":"Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis and Risk Factor Assessment in Cattle in Rural Livestock Areas of Govuro District in the Southeast of Mozambique","volume":"9","author":"I Moiane","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.047","article-title":"The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis","volume":"112","author":"C Thoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30139-6","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis in human beings caused by Mycobacterium bovis-a call for action","volume":"17","author":"F Olea-Popelka","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008081.ref007","first-page":"924","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa","volume":"8","author":"WY Ayele","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211637","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from livestock workers and cattle in Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"HK Adesokan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7041","key":"pntd.0008081.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03548","article-title":"Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain","volume":"435","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007205","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host-pathogen system","volume":"135","author":"AR Renwick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008081.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis at Jijiga Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"WA Biruk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008081.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12210","article-title":"Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis in Cattle and African Buffalo in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique","volume":"62","author":"M Tanner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.035","article-title":"Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges","volume":"112","author":"AL Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref014","unstructured":"WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: 2018."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008081.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000160","article-title":"Origin, Spread and Demography of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex","volume":"4","author":"T Wirth","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10963-010-9042-2","article-title":"Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings","volume":"24","author":"D Gifford-Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of World Prehistory"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.012","article-title":"Independent Introduction of Two Lactase-Persistence Alleles into Human Populations Reflects Different History of Adaptation to Milk Culture","volume":"82","author":"NS Enattah","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.02.009","article-title":"Genetic Origins of Lactase Persistence and the Spread of Pastoralism in Africa","volume":"94","author":"A Ranciaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1946","article-title":"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe","volume":"39","author":"SA Tishkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008081.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.11.2578-2586.1991","article-title":"Occurrence and stability of insertion sequences in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains: evaluation of an insertion sequence-dependent DNA polymorphism as a tool in the epidemiology of tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"D van Soolingen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1.4.269","article-title":"Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube","volume":"1","author":"S Wilton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genome Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008081.ref022","first-page":"818","article-title":"Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR amplification of genomic regions of difference [Short Communication]","volume":"10","author":"RM Warren","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006147","article-title":"Genetic diversity and potential routes of transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in Mozambique","volume":"12","author":"A Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12242","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Humans and Cattle","volume":"63","author":"A El-Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008081.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007546","article-title":"Genotype diversity and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis from livestock in a small, high-risk area in northeastern Sicily, Italy","volume":"13","author":"C Marianelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W326","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq351","article-title":"MIRU-VNTRplus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria","volume":"38","author":"T Weniger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/141.2.743","article-title":"Mitochondrial Portraits of Human Populations Using Median Networks","volume":"141","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2968-1","article-title":"A complex scenario of tuberculosis transmission is revealed through genetic and epidemiological surveys in Porto","volume":"18","author":"T Rito","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4189-7","article-title":"A nationwide study of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Portugal 2014\u20132017 using epidemiological and molecular clustering analyses","volume":"19","author":"O Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008081.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","article-title":"DnaSP 6: DNA Sequence Polymorphism Analysis of Large Data Sets","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref032","first-page":"e0212311","volume":"14","author":"V Macaulay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rectifying long"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008081.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006406","article-title":"Genetic profiling of Mycobacterium bovis strains from slaughtered cattle in Eritrea","volume":"12","author":"MK Ghebremariam","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008081.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096074","article-title":"An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy","volume":"9","author":"S Sarno","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.02.021","article-title":"Tuberculosis origin: The Neolithic scenario","volume":"95","author":"I Hershkovitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3664","article-title":"Genomic insights into tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"JE Galagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2744","article-title":"Out-of-Africa migration and Neolithic coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with modern humans","volume":"45","author":"I Comas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"6448","key":"pntd.0008081.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw6275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw6275","article-title":"Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"365","author":"ME Prendergast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25472","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25472","article-title":"Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes","volume":"6","author":"F Gandini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008081.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006976","article-title":"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations","volume":"13","author":"N Hollfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref042","first-page":"523","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology","author":"L. Savino di","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.06.062","article-title":"Timing and pace of dairying inception and animal husbandry practices across Holocene North Africa","volume":"471","author":"J Dunne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008081.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv236","article-title":"Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt","volume":"7","author":"P Triska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10963-006-9003-y","article-title":"Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.\u2013A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives","volume":"19","author":"A. Ogundiran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of World Prehistory"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008081.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0447","article-title":"Evidence for Banana Cultivation and Animal Husbandry During the First Millennium bc in the Forest of Southern Cameroon","volume":"27","author":"CM Mbida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref047","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Pastoralism in Africa. Past, Present and Future","author":"V. Linseele","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref048","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Within savanna and forest: A review of the Late Stone Age Kintampo Tradition, Ghana","author":"DJ Watson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.09.005","article-title":"Cattle in the West African savanna: evidence from 1st millennium CE Kirikongo, Burkina Faso","volume":"39","author":"SA Dueppen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008081.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080031","article-title":"The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa","volume":"8","author":"T Rito","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008081.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41176-3","article-title":"A dispersal of Homo sapiens from southern to eastern Africa immediately preceded the out-of-Africa migration","volume":"9","author":"T Rito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pntd.0008081.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7520-5_18","volume-title":"Africa from MIS 6\u20132: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments","author":"P Soares","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008081.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198941","article-title":"The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa","volume":"13","author":"F Lander","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008081.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139784","article-title":"Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm","volume":"10","author":"CL Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T02:07:31Z","timestamp":1614650851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ruifu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008081","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]}}}