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It is the most common disease in patients with sleeping sickness, another parasitic illness, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We have previously shown that a\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection impairs a secondary\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    liver infection and decreases malaria severity in mice. However, whether this effect requires an active trypanosome infection remained unknown. Here, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    liver infection can also be inhibited by the serum of a mouse previously infected by\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and by total protein lysates of this kinetoplastid. Biochemical characterisation showed that the anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of the total\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    lysates depends on its protein fraction, but is independent of the abundant variant surface glycoprotein. Finally, we found that the protein(s) responsible for the inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is\/are present within a fraction of ~350 proteins that are excreted to the bloodstream of the host. We conclude that the defence mechanism developed by trypanosomes against\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    relies on protein excretion. This study opens the door to the identification of novel antiplasmodial intervention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T13:36:39Z","timestamp":1635514599000},"page":"e0009912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Excreted Trypanosoma brucei proteins inhibit Plasmodium hepatic infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-9984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adriana","family":"Tempor\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-6127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margarida","family":"Sanches-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-1625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-2879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helena","family":"Nunes-Caba\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-2009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terry K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Prud\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S1","key":"pntd.0009912.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200001698X","article-title":"Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses","volume":"122","author":"FEG COX","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009912.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1167-9","article-title":"The importance of multiparasitism: examining the consequences of co-infections for human and animal health","volume":"8","author":"E Vaumourin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009912.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.005","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans","volume":"63","author":"EC Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0009912.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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