{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:08:50Z","timestamp":1767179330573,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011982","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/MCTES","award":["PIDDAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/29783\/2017, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029783, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/29783\/2017, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029783, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Livestock production is a fundamental pillar of the Moroccan economy. Infectious diseases of cattle and other species represent a significant threat to the livestock industry, animal health, and food safety. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , generates considerable direct and indirect economic losses, and an underestimated human health burden caused by zoonotic transmission. Previous studies have suggested likely\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission links between Morocco and Southern Europe, however, limitations inherent with the methods used prevented definitive conclusions. In this study, we employed whole genome sequencing analysis to determine the genetic diversity of the first 55\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    whole-genomes in Morocco and to better define the phylogenetic links between strains from Morocco and a large dataset from related and neighboring countries. With a total of 780\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences extracted from cattle, wildlife or humans and representing 36 countries, we discovered two new\n                    <jats:italic>M bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spoligotypes in Morocco and that the Moroccan clonal complexes are classified as belonging to Europe or Unknown, supporting previous studies that the Sahara Desert might be playing a key role in preventing\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission between North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, our analysis showed a close\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic relationship between cattle from Morocco and cattle from Spain, France, Portugal and Germany, and from cattle in Morocco and humans in Italy, Germany, and the UK. These results suggest that animal trade and human migration between Morocco and these countries might be playing a role in disease transmission. Our study benefits from a large sample size and a rich dataset that includes sequences from cattle, wildlife and humans from Morocco and neighboring countries, enabling the delineation of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic links across countries and host-species. Our study calls for further investigation of animal and zoonotic TB spread in Morocco and in other countries, which is important to inform future TB control measures at the animal-human interface.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T13:40:58Z","timestamp":1739886058000},"page":"e0011982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phylogenetic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis reveals animal and zoonotic tuberculosis spread between Morocco and European countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-4223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hind","family":"Yahyaoui Azami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tod","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bouslikhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaouad","family":"Berrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Aboukhassib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alberto Oscar","family":"Allepuz Palau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica V.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tyler C.","family":"Thacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suelee","family":"Robbe-Austerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liliana C. M.","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-0184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederick D.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011982.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.14.3.875","article-title":"Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, with particular reference to Africa","volume":"14","author":"O Cosivi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011982.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.11.002","article-title":"Public health and bovine tuberculosis: what\u2019s all the fuss about?","volume":"18","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0011982.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.039","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis in Europe from the perspective of an officially tuberculosis free country: trade, surveillance and diagnostics","volume":"151","author":"I Schiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011982.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103163","article-title":"Lessons learned during the successful eradication of bovine tuberculosis from Australia","volume":"177","author":"SJ More","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011982.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15061","article-title":"Disease management at the wildlife\u2010livestock interface: using whole\u2010genome sequencing to study the role of elk in Mycobacterium bovis transmission in Michigan, USA","volume":"28","author":"LCM Salvador","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0011982.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-023-00247-8","article-title":"The devil you know and the devil you don\u2019t: current status and challenges of bovine tuberculosis eradication in the United States","volume":"76","author":"DJ O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011982.ref007","first-page":"mgen001023","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in sympatric badger and cattle populations in Northern Ireland","volume":"9","author":"A Akhmetova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011982.ref008","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis in Canadian wildlife: an updated history","volume":"50","author":"G Wobeser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"pntd.0011982.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.968229","article-title":"The role of multiple wildlife hosts in the persistence and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand","author":"MC Barron","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011982.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081585","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing refines knowledge on the population structure of Mycobacterium bovis from a multi-host tuberculosis system","volume":"9","author":"AC Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0011982.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2147191","article-title":"Tuberculosis epidemiology and spatial ecology at the cattle-wild boar interface in Northern Spain","author":"G Herrero-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011982.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00253","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from Livestock in the United States, 1989-2018","volume":"5","author":"K Orloski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011982.ref013","unstructured":"FAO. 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