{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:21:59Z","timestamp":1768566119438,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]],"date-time":"2008-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1219276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,20]],"date-time":"2008-08-20T21:15:20Z","timestamp":1219266920000},"page":"e3026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Genome Sequence of a Lancefield Group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus Strain Causing Epidemic Nephritis: New Information about an Old Disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Beres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Sesso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergio Wyton L.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy P.","family":"Hoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Porcella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank R.","family":"DeLeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Musser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02265-0","article-title":"Epidemic nephritis in Nova Serrana, Brazil.","volume":"355","author":"S Balter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4126-4130.2000","article-title":"Analysis of immunoreactivity to a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus M-like protein To confirm an outbreak of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequences of M-like proteins from isolates obtained from different host species.","volume":"38","author":"ML Nicholson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004025","article-title":"The pathogenic equine streptococci.","volume":"35","author":"JF Timoney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"90","article-title":"Bacteremia due to streptococcus zooepidemicus associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.","volume":"94","author":"C Albarracin","year":"1998","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800061884","article-title":"Characterization of Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C) from human and selected animal infections.","volume":"98","author":"M Barnham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"123","article-title":"A case of zoonosis associated with Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus.","volume":"43","author":"C Boucher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.2.270","article-title":"Group C streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases.","volume":"13","author":"SF Bradley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"287","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess due to group C Streptococcus.","volume":"32","author":"A Carragoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2358-2359.2001","article-title":"Streptococcal meningitis resulting from contact with an infected horse.","volume":"39","author":"J Downar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01699990","article-title":"Septicemia and meningitis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus.","volume":"17","author":"M Ferrandiere","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.186-192.2004","article-title":"Characterization of group C and G streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.","volume":"42","author":"S Hashikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1976.8.issue-3.19","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus (group C streptococci) as a cause of human infection.","volume":"8","author":"W Kohler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2866-2869.2004","article-title":"Fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to group C streptococcus associated with superantigen exotoxin.","volume":"42","author":"TM Korman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.5.932","article-title":"A case of meningitis due to \u201cStreptococcus zooepidemicus\u201d.","volume":"17","author":"M Latorre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb05979.x","article-title":"Severe Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener.","volume":"180","author":"AS Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00040020977022","article-title":"Group C streptococcal meningitis in an adult. Probable acquistion from a horse.","volume":"140","author":"DE Low","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Endocarditis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus.","volume":"127","author":"F Martinez-Luengas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1990.tb01299.x","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus cellulitis and bacteraemia in a renal transplant recipient.","volume":"20","author":"MJ McKeage","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.01.014","article-title":"Atypical presentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus bacteraemia and secondary meningitis.","volume":"109","author":"S Pati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-2896(01)75066-1","article-title":"Infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma: a rare zoonosis.","volume":"37","author":"P Rodriguez Suarez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.11.1.76-78.1980","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus (group C) pneumonia in a human.","volume":"11","author":"HD Rose","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"223","article-title":"Infectious pericarditis caused by beta-hemolytic group C streptococci (S. zooepidemicus).","volume":"12","author":"L Salazar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200104000-00016","article-title":"Group C streptococcal meningitis: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"20","author":"SS Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0364-3","article-title":"Post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis secondary to sporadic Streptococcus equi infection.","volume":"22","author":"AM Thorley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310000076","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus meningitis and bacteraemia.","volume":"35","author":"O Ural","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus sepsis in an elderly woman.","volume":"108","author":"K Valve","year":"1992","journal-title":"Duodecim"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1982.tb06115.x","article-title":"Abdominal aortic infection by a group C Streptococcus (S zooepidemicus).","volume":"52","author":"J Wong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"255","article-title":"Sepsis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus.","volume":"187","author":"A Yague Munoz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(90)93885-V","article-title":"Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C) septicaemia in Hong Kong.","volume":"21","author":"KY Yuen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"241","article-title":"Unpasteurised milk and Streptococcus zooepidemicus.","volume":"4","year":"1994","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92078-0","article-title":"Nephritis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C).","volume":"1","author":"M Barnham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(86)94320-3","article-title":"Communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in England and Wales: 1983\u20131984.","volume":"12","author":"NJ Barrett","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0119-x","article-title":"Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of Gran Canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese.","volume":"25","author":"A Bordes-Benitez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"105","article-title":"Considerations on the nephritogenic properties of the group C streptococcus, type zooepidemicus.","volume":"75","author":"E Duca","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800029204","article-title":"A milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield Group C).","volume":"101","author":"AT Edwards","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(93)92358-4","article-title":"Investigation of milk-borne Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection associated with glomerulonephritis in Australia.","volume":"27","author":"AJ Francis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-36","article-title":"An outbreak of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with consumption of fresh goat cheese.","volume":"6","author":"M Kuusi","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6493.463","article-title":"Pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in Britain.","volume":"291","author":"JC Sharp","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549950164382","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanism of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.","volume":"31","author":"A Nordstrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002169","article-title":"Pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis a century after Clemens von Pirquet.","volume":"71","author":"B Rodriguez-Iturbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(57)90120-0","article-title":"Natural history of glomerulonephritis.","volume":"5","author":"DP Earle","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"479","article-title":"Epidemic acute glomerulonephritis at Red Lake.","volume":"37","author":"H Kleinman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"105","article-title":"Epidemic nephritis in Japan.","volume":"9","author":"T Kodama","year":"1958","journal-title":"Yokohama Med Bull"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196710052771403","article-title":"Recurrent epidemic nephritis in South Trinidad.","volume":"277","author":"T Poon-King","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(57)90122-4","article-title":"Microbiologic aspects of glomerulonephritis.","volume":"5","author":"CH Rammelkamp Jr","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"276","article-title":"Epidemic nephritis.","volume":"67","author":"CH Rammelkamp Jr","year":"1954","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102745","article-title":"Acute glomerulonephritis, the significance of the variations in the incidence of the disease.","volume":"32","author":"CH Rammelkamp Jr","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"168","article-title":"Significance of the epidemiological differences between acute nephritis and acute rheumatic fever.","volume":"65","author":"CH Rammelkamp Jr","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-32-2-111","article-title":"Streptococcal serotypes newly associated with epidemic post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis.","volume":"32","author":"HF Reid","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"197","article-title":"Epidemic glomerulonephritis in Maracaibo. Evidence for progression to chronicity.","volume":"5","author":"B Rodriguez-Iturbe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"359","article-title":"The association of type specific hemolytic streptococci with acute glomerulonephritis at the Presbyterian and babies Hospitals, New York, N.Y., in the years 1936\u20131942.","volume":"32","author":"AR Wertheim","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.14.4928-4934.2005","article-title":"Genome-wide detection and analysis of cell wall-bound proteins with LPxTG-like sorting motifs.","volume":"187","author":"J Boekhorst","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2003.10.028","article-title":"Peptide signal molecules and bacteriocins in Gram-negative bacteria: a genome-wide in silico screening for peptides containing a double-glycine leader sequence and their cognate transporters.","volume":"25","author":"G Dirix","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02345-4","article-title":"The ESAT-6\/WXG100 superfamily \u2013 and a new Gram-positive secretion system?","volume":"10","author":"MJ Pallen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405620102","article-title":"EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections.","volume":"102","author":"ML Burts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000800","article-title":"Contribution of exogenous genetic elements to the group A Streptococcus metagenome.","volume":"2","author":"SB Beres","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13950","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506758102","article-title":"Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: implications for the microbial \u201cpan-genome\u201d.","volume":"102","author":"H Tettelin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.05.001","article-title":"Dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seeL, seeM, szeL and szeM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus.","volume":"109","author":"J Alber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2001.0482","article-title":"Characterization and immunogenicity of pyrogenic mitogens SePE-H and SePE-I of Streptococcus equi.","volume":"32","author":"SC Artiushin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172501299","article-title":"Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen.","volume":"99","author":"D Ajdic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.19.5709-5717.2001","article-title":"Genome of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6.","volume":"183","author":"J Hoskins","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01148-06","article-title":"Genome sequence of Avery's virulent serotype 2 strain D39 of Streptococcus pneumoniae and comparison with that of unencapsulated laboratory strain R6.","volume":"189","author":"JA Lanie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061217","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"293","author":"H Tettelin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01023-07","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional changes in Streptococcus gordonii in response to competence signaling peptide.","volume":"189","author":"MM Vickerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01808-06","article-title":"Genome of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis.","volume":"189","author":"P Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1034","article-title":"Complete sequence and comparative genome analysis of the dairy bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus.","volume":"22","author":"A Bolotin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607117103","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria.","volume":"103","author":"K Makarova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00064-7","article-title":"Bacterial \u201ccompetence\u201d genes: signatures of active transformation, or only remnants?","volume":"11","author":"JP Claverys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03907.x","article-title":"Identification of competence pheromone responsive genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae by use of DNA microarrays.","volume":"51","author":"SN Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.06.007","article-title":"Independent evolution of competence regulatory cascades in streptococci?","volume":"14","author":"B Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03127.x","article-title":"A locus of group A Streptococcus involved in invasive disease and DNA transfer.","volume":"46","author":"C Hidalgo-Grass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138140","article-title":"CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes.","volume":"315","author":"R Barrangou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01412-07","article-title":"Phage response to CRISPR-encoded resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus.","volume":"190","author":"H Deveau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01415-07","article-title":"Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR loci in Streptococcus thermophilus.","volume":"190","author":"P Horvath","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.41-47.1998","article-title":"Identification of streptococci to species level by sequencing the gene encoding the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase.","volume":"36","author":"C Poyart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02639-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships and genotyping of the genus Streptococcus by sequence determination of the RNase P RNA gene, rnpB.","volume":"53","author":"J Tapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03126.x","article-title":"Genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen causing invasive neonatal disease.","volume":"45","author":"P Glaser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12391","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182380799","article-title":"Complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of an emerging human pathogen, serotype V Streptococcus agalactiae.","volume":"99","author":"H Tettelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RESEARCH0011","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2000-1-6-research0011","article-title":"Evidence for symmetric chromosomal inversions around the replication origin in bacteria.","volume":"1","author":"JA Eisen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02461-7","article-title":"The fundamental contribution of phages to GAS evolution, genome diversification and strain emergence.","volume":"10","author":"DJ Banks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00842-5","article-title":"Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans.","volume":"229","author":"EI Igwe","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1361-1369.2003","article-title":"Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus.","volume":"71","author":"T Proft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1086\/432514","article-title":"Evolutionary origin and emergence of a highly successful clone of serotype M1 group a Streptococcus involved multiple horizontal gene transfer events.","volume":"192","author":"P Sumby","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1443","article-title":"Pili in gram-positive pathogens.","volume":"4","author":"JL Telford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01952-06","article-title":"Sortase-catalyzed assembly of distinct heteromeric fimbriae in Actinomyces naeslundii.","volume":"189","author":"A Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.4.1526-1533.2006","article-title":"Assembly of distinct pilus structures on the surface of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.","volume":"188","author":"AH Gaspar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32313","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304709200","article-title":"Genome-based identification and analysis of collagen-related structural motifs in bacterial and viral proteins.","volume":"278","author":"M Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05741.x","article-title":"Scl1-dependent internalization of group A Streptococcus via direct interactions with the alpha2beta(1) integrin enhances pathogen survival and re-emergence.","volume":"64","author":"CC Caswell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13848","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410605200","article-title":"A streptococcal collagen-like protein interacts with the alpha2beta1 integrin and induces intracellular signaling.","volume":"280","author":"JO Humtsoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Invasive streptococci transmigrate endotheial cells.","author":"S Talay","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00955.x","article-title":"Characterization of the immune response to collagen-like proteins Scl1 and Scl2 of serotype M1 and M28 group A Streptococcus.","volume":"277","author":"NP Hoe","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.3.588","article-title":"Antibodies to basement membrane collagen and to laminin are present in sera from patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.","volume":"163","author":"NA Kefalides","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"185","article-title":"Immunological studies of post-streptococcal sequelae: serological studies with an extracellular protein associated with nephritogenic streptococci.","volume":"54","author":"H Ohkuni","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.149.2.459","article-title":"The occurrence of a protein in the extracellular products of streptococci isolated from patients with acute glomerulonephritis.","volume":"149","author":"H Villarreal Jr","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.3.697","article-title":"Purification and partial characterization of the nephritis strain-associated protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, group A.","volume":"163","author":"KH Johnston","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"305","article-title":"Failure to detect unique reactivity to streptococcal streptokinase in either the sera or renal biopsy specimens of patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.","volume":"38","author":"S Mezzano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Allelic variants of streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes display functional differences in plasminogen activation.","author":"JD McArthur","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00013.x","article-title":"Streptokinase alleles and disease association in group A streptococci.","volume":"10","author":"A Haase","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"190","article-title":"Analysis of the variable domain of the streptokinase gene from group A streptococcus by the polymerase chain reaction.","author":"KH Johnston","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02415.x","article-title":"Molecular population genetic analysis of the streptokinase gene of Streptococcus pyogenes: mosaic alleles generated by recombination.","volume":"16","author":"V Kapur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(05)80012-9","article-title":"Streptokinase activity among group A streptococci in relation to streptokinase genotype, plasminogen binding, and disease manifestations.","volume":"18","author":"W Tewodros","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"207","article-title":"A hitherto unknown streptococcal antigen and its probable relation to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.","volume":"5","author":"K Lange","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2000.0990","article-title":"The potential role for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.","volume":"21","author":"K Yamakami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.10.3110","article-title":"Role of a streptococcal antigen in the pathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Characterization of the antigen and a proposed mechanism for the disease.","volume":"148","author":"N Yoshizawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130624.94920.6B","article-title":"Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: characterization of the antigen and associated immune response.","volume":"15","author":"N Yoshizawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00504.x","article-title":"Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GAPDH?","volume":"68","author":"SR Batsford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"364","article-title":"Sequence and expression of NAPlr is conserved among group A streptococci isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and non-APSGN.","volume":"20","author":"M Fujino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(02)00028-9","article-title":"The targets of nephritogenic antibodies in systemic autoimmune disorders.","volume":"1","author":"P Migliorini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.10.004","article-title":"Alpha-enolase: a target of antibodies in infectious and autoimmune diseases.","volume":"6","author":"B Terrier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14503","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.23.14503","article-title":"alpha-enolase, a novel strong plasmin(ogen) binding protein on the surface of pathogenic streptococci.","volume":"273","author":"V Pancholi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1086\/317604","article-title":"Antibodies to streptococcal surface enolase react with human alpha-enolase: implications in poststreptococcal sequelae.","volume":"182","author":"PA Fontan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.2.759","article-title":"Identification of an extracellular plasmin binding protein from nephritogenic streptococci.","volume":"178","author":"R Poon-King","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00012.x","article-title":"Antibody to streptococcal zymogen in the serum of patients with acute glomerulonephritis: a multicentric study.","volume":"54","author":"G Parra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"149","article-title":"The Occurrence of Nephritis Plasmin Binding Protein (SPEB) in the Extracellular Products of Group C Nephritogenic Streptococcus zooepidemicus.","author":"M Barnham","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.7.2668","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression.","volume":"88","author":"JM Musser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.1.211-215.1991","article-title":"Frequency of the erythrogenic toxin B and C genes (speB and speC) among clinical isolates of group A streptococci.","volume":"59","author":"CE Yu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1086\/422697","article-title":"Progress toward characterization of the group A Streptococcus metagenome: complete genome sequence of a macrolide-resistant serotype M6 strain.","volume":"190","author":"DJ Banks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1086\/430618","article-title":"Genome sequence of a serotype M28 strain of group a streptococcus: potential new insights into puerperal sepsis and bacterial disease specificity.","volume":"192","author":"NM Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D121","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki081","article-title":"Rfam: annotating non-coding RNAs in complete genomes.","volume":"33","author":"S Griffiths-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh152","article-title":"ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences.","volume":"32","author":"D Laslett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.5.0955","article-title":"tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence.","volume":"25","author":"TM Lowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.","volume":"25","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm009","article-title":"Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer.","volume":"23","author":"AL Delcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.05.028","article-title":"Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0.","volume":"340","author":"JD Bendtsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.0303703","article-title":"Prediction of lipoprotein signal peptides in Gram-negative bacteria.","volume":"12","author":"AS Juncker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2710-2722.2004","article-title":"A comparative genome analysis identifies distinct sorting pathways in gram-positive bacteria.","volume":"72","author":"D Comfort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W52","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm360","article-title":"CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.","volume":"35","author":"I Grissa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W455","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki593","article-title":"BASys: a web server for automated bacterial genome annotation.","volume":"33","author":"GH Van Domselaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","article-title":"The RAST Server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology.","volume":"9","author":"RK Aziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.10.944","article-title":"Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation.","volume":"16","author":"K Rutherford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2165\/00822942-200605010-00007","article-title":"BioParser: a tool for processing of sequence similarity analysis reports.","volume":"5","author":"M Catanho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-198","article-title":"GenomeViz: visualizing microbial genomes.","volume":"5","author":"R Ghai","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02024-2","article-title":"EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite.","volume":"16","author":"P Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg500","article-title":"Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs.","volume":"31","author":"R Chenna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj030","article-title":"Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies.","volume":"23","author":"DH Huson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"47","article-title":"MacVector. Integrated sequence analysis for the Macintosh.","volume":"132","author":"PA Rastogi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071559398","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.","volume":"98","author":"JJ Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152298499","article-title":"Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A Streptococcus: phage-encoded toxins, the high-virulence phenotype, and clone emergence.","volume":"99","author":"SB Beres","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1096703","article-title":"Genome sequence of an M3 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals a large-scale genomic rearrangement in invasive strains and new insights into phage evolution.","volume":"13","author":"I Nakagawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01227-06","article-title":"Complete genome of acute rheumatic fever-associated serotype M5 Streptococcus pyogenes strain manfredo.","volume":"189","author":"MT Holden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062526099","article-title":"Genome sequence and comparative microarray analysis of serotype M18 group A Streptococcus strains associated with acute rheumatic fever outbreaks.","volume":"99","author":"JC Smoot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000315","article-title":"A glimpse of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome from comparative genomics of S. suis 2 Chinese isolates.","volume":"2","author":"C Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T17:41:11Z","timestamp":1684518071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003026"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Niyaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,21]]}}}