{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T22:36:33Z","timestamp":1769812593344,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372809600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,4]],"date-time":"2013-07-04T05:55:49Z","timestamp":1372917349000},"page":"e67576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The World\u2019s Northernmost Harbour Seal Population\u2013How Many Are There?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Merkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lydersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nigel G.","family":"Yoccoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kit M.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00245.x","article-title":"The most northerly harbor seal, <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>, at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard","volume":"6","author":"P Prestrud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Arndt W, Brauer A, R\u00f6mer F, Schaudinn F (1900) Fauna arctica : eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das N\u00f6rdliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898. Jena: G Fischer. 598 p."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7557\/3.2671","article-title":"Status and biology of harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) in Svalbard","volume":"8","author":"C Lydersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"NAMMCO Sci Publ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01577.x","article-title":"A population on the edge: genetic diversity and population structure of the world\u2019s northernmost harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>)","volume":"102","author":"LW Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-004-0656-7","article-title":"Growth and population parameters of the world\u2019s northernmost harbour seals <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic> residing in Svalbard, Norway","volume":"28","author":"C Lydersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Boulva J, McLaren IA (1979) Biology of the harbor seal, <italic>Phoca vitulina,<\/italic> in eastern Canada. Bull Fish Res Bd Can 200. 24 p."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"17","article-title":"Comparative biology of harbor seals, <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic> Linnaeus, 1758, of the Commander, Aleutian, and Pribolof Islands","volume":"12","author":"JJ Burns","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soviet-American cooperative research on marine mammals Vol 1 Pinnipeds NOAA Tech Rep NMFS"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02591.x","article-title":"Growth in harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) on the Norwegian coast","volume":"219","author":"NH Markussen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Zool (Lond)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/00785236.1990.10422032","article-title":"Comparative life histories of east Atlantic and other harbour seal populations","volume":"32","author":"T H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophelia"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"23","article-title":"Biology of Icelandic common seal (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic> L.) and grey seal (<italic>Halichoerus grypus<\/italic> Fabr.), length-weight relationships, growth-curves and fecundity","volume":"43","author":"E Hauksson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hafrannsoknir"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1139\/f90-114","article-title":"Recent trends in the abundance of harbour seals, <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>, in British Columbia","volume":"47","author":"PF Olesiuk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/2404846","article-title":"Estimating harbour seal abundance and status in an estuarine habitat in north-east Scotland","volume":"34","author":"PM Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.1998.00305.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood population size estimation of harbour seals in Dutch Wadden Sea based on a mark-recapture experiment","volume":"35","author":"EH Ries","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00815.x","article-title":"Monitoring the trend of harbor seals in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill","volume":"15","author":"KJ Frost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00446.x","article-title":"Determining a correction factor for aerial surveys of harbor seals in California","volume":"27","author":"JT Harvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01096.x","article-title":"The abundance of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska","volume":"19","author":"P Boveng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01113.x","article-title":"Trends in abundance of Alaska harbor seals, 1983\u20132001","volume":"19","author":"RJ Small","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01246.x","article-title":"Changes in abundance of harbor seals in Maine, 1981\u20132001","volume":"21","author":"JR Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00011.x","article-title":"Declines in harbor seal (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) numbers in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, 1992\u20132002","volume":"22","author":"EA Mathews","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.33.3.2007.269","article-title":"Abundance of harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) in Norway based on aerial surveys and photographic documentation of hauled-out seals during the moulting season, 1996 to 1999","volume":"33","author":"A Bj\u00f8rge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat Mamm"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00369.x","article-title":"Pupping in the most northerly harbor seal (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>)","volume":"8","author":"I Gjertz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"King JE (1983) Seals of the world. Oxford: British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University Press. 240 p."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1139\/z93-194","article-title":"Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in mass and body composition of harbour seal, <italic>Phoca vitulina,<\/italic> pups","volume":"71","author":"MMC Muelbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1139\/z99-065","article-title":"Diving behaviour of lactating harbour seals and their pups during maternal foraging trips","volume":"77","author":"WD Bowen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.22.3993","article-title":"Diving development in nursing harbour seals","volume":"204","author":"C J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1985.tb00532.x","article-title":"Mating behavior in the harbor seal","volume":"1","author":"SG Allen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1988.tb00080.x","article-title":"Timing of mating in the common seal (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>)","volume":"18","author":"PM Thompson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mammal Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0426","article-title":"Distribution and activity of male harbour seals during the mating season","volume":"54","author":"SM VanParijs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05958.x","article-title":"Age and sex differences in the timing of moult in the common seal, <italic>Phoca vitulina.<\/italic>","volume":"212","author":"PM Thompson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Zool (Lond)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01097.x","article-title":"Molting phenology of harbor seals on Tugidak Island, Alaska","volume":"19","author":"RG Daniel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-003-0557-1","article-title":"Haulout behaviour of High Arctic harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina vitulina<\/italic>) in Svalbard, Norway","volume":"27","author":"S Reder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5962\/p.352378","article-title":"Movements and haulout behavior of radio-tagged harbor seals, <italic>Phoca vitulina.<\/italic>","volume":"95","author":"KW Pitcher","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can Field-Nat"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1139\/z87-219","article-title":"Distribution and haul-out behavior of harbor seals in Glacier Bay, Alaska","volume":"65","author":"J Calambokidis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roen R, Bj\u00f8rge A (1995) Haul-out behaviour of the Norwegian harbour seal during summer. In: Blix AS, Wall\u00f8e L, Ulltang \u00d8, editors. Whales, seals, fish and man: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the biology of Marine Mammals in the North East Atlantic, Troms\u00f8, Norway, 29 November-1 December 1994. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV. 61\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6995(06)80010-7"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.1999.00434.x","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific behaviour in harbour seals <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic> leads to biased estimates of vital population parameters","volume":"36","author":"T H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000000197","article-title":"Distribution and diving of harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) in Svalbard","volume":"24","author":"I Gjertz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2008.00279.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of marine mammals in field research","volume":"25","author":"NJ Gales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00034.x","article-title":"Spring haul-out behavior of ringed seals (<italic>Pusa hispida<\/italic>) in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard","volume":"22","author":"H Carlens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Wood SN (2006) Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman and Hall\/CRC. 410 p."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","article-title":"Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"SN Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00195.x","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of parameters estimating autocorrelation and individual heterogeneity in longitudinal studies","volume":"3","author":"S Hamel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-009-0160-1","article-title":"Fast computing of some generalized linear mixed pseudo-models with temporal autocorrelation","volume":"25","author":"JMV Hoef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Stat"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"London JM, Hoef JMV, Jeffries SJ, Lance MM, Boveng PL (2012) Haul-out behavior of harbor seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) in Hood Canal, Washington. PLoS ONE 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038180"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn GP, Keough MJ (2002) Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 537 p.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806384"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/07-AOAS113","article-title":"Applied statistics: a review","volume":"1","author":"DR Cox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Appl Stat"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. New York: Springer-Verlag. 574 p.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2007.00316.x","article-title":"An assessment of population size and distribution of harbour seals in the Republic of Ireland during the moult season in August 2003","volume":"273","author":"M Cronin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531540999155X","article-title":"Variation in harbour seal counts obtained using aerial surveys","volume":"90","author":"L Cunningham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mar Biolog Assoc UK"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsq001","article-title":"Optimizing survey design for Scandinavian harbour seals: population trend as an ecological quality element","volume":"67","author":"J Teilmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Bigg MA (1981) Harbour seal <italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic> Linnaeus, 1758 and <italic>Phoca largha<\/italic> Pallas, 1811. In: Ridgway SH, Harrison RJ, editors. Handbook of marine mammals Vol 2 Seals. London: Academic Press. 1\u201327."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1644\/11-MAMM-A-291.1","article-title":"Sex- and age-specific survival of harbor seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) from Tugidak Island, Alaska","volume":"93","author":"KK Hastings","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Bigg MA (1969) The harbour seal in British Columbia. Bull Fish Res Bd Can 172. 33 p."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-141","article-title":"Rates of increase in age-structured populations: a lesson from the European harbour seals","volume":"80","author":"T H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004047","article-title":"Maternal and newborn life-history traits during periods of contrasting population trends: implications for explaining the decline of harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>), on Sable Island","volume":"261","author":"WD Bowen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Zool (Lond)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00073.x","article-title":"The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard","volume":"21","author":"H Hop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polar Res"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marine mammals in the Bellsund- Van Mijenfjorden - Van Keulenfjorden area. New investigations and status of knowledge","volume":"121","author":"C Lydersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Norsk Polarinst Rapp Ser"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5433.1505","article-title":"Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors","volume":"285","author":"CD Harvell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3184\/003685008X324010","article-title":"Climate change impacts on seals and whales in the North Atlantic Arctic and adjacent shelf seas","volume":"91","author":"KM Kovacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Progr"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1139\/z04-093","article-title":"Autumn diet of harbour seals (<italic>Phoca vitulina<\/italic>) at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard, assessed via scat and fatty-acid analyses","volume":"82","author":"SM Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsm090","article-title":"Spring diet of ringed seals (<italic>Phoca hispida<\/italic>) from northwestern Spitsbergen, Norway","volume":"64","author":"AL Labansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-010-0061-0","article-title":"Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals","volume":"41","author":"KM Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Biodivers"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. New York: Springer-Verlag. 495 p.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T20:56:20Z","timestamp":1715633780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067576"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]}}}