{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T01:10:18Z","timestamp":1772068218610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T19:19:23Z","timestamp":1524079163000},"page":"e0194702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Parametric model fitting-based approach for retinal blood vessel caliber estimation in eye fundus images"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9687-528X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teresa","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lio","family":"Campilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2084567","article-title":"Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis","volume":"3","author":"MD Abramoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0732","article-title":"Retinal Vascular Changes in Pre-Diabetes and Prehypertension","volume":"30","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.03.006","article-title":"Summarising the retinal vascular calibres in healthy, diabetic and diabetic retinopathy eyes","volume":"72","author":"G Leontidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"2015","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2016.10.001","article-title":"A review on automatic analysis techniques for color fundus photographs","volume":"14","author":"R Besenczi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000342158","article-title":"Retinal Vascular Caliber Measurements: Clinical Significance, Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives","volume":"229","author":"MK Ikram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.830524","article-title":"Measurement of Retinal Vessel Widths From Fundus Images Based on 2-D Modeling","volume":"23","author":"J Lowell","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/151369","article-title":"Retinal Vessel Diameter Measurement Using Unsupervised Linear Discriminant Analysis","volume":"2012","author":"DK Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2013.07.006","article-title":"Accurate estimation of retinal vessel width using bagged decision trees and an extended multiresolution Hermite model","volume":"17","author":"CA Lupascu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2017941","article-title":"An active contour model for segmenting and measuring retinal vessels","volume":"28","author":"B Al-Diri","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Niemeijer M, Song Q, Garvin MK, Reinhardt JM, Abramoff MD. Retinal vessel width measurements based on a graph-theoretic method. In: 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. IEEE; 2011. p. 641\u2013644.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2011.5872488"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032435","article-title":"Fast retinal vessel detection and measurement using wavelets and edge location refinement","volume":"7","author":"P Bankhead","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/260410","article-title":"Automatic Segmentation and Measurement of Vasculature in Retinal Fundus Images Using Probabilistic Formulation","volume":"2013","author":"Y Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","first-page":"034006","article-title":"Tracking and Diameter Estimation of Retinal Vessels Using Gaussian Process and Radon Transform","volume":"4","author":"M Elhami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363106","article-title":"The detection and quantification of retinopathy using digital angiograms","volume":"13","author":"L Zhou","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1109\/10.979356","article-title":"Detection and measurement of retinal vessels in fundus images using amplitude modified second-order Gaussian filter","volume":"49","author":"L Gang","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao X, Bharath A, Stanton A, Hughes A, Chapman N, Thom S. A method of vessel tracking for vessel diameter measurement on retinal images. In: Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205). vol. 2. IEEE; 2001. p. 881\u2013884.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2001.958635"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Computer analysis of the geometry of the retinal vasculature","author":"ME Martinez-Perez","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Hsu W, Lee ML, Wang H. A piecewise Gaussian model for profiling and differentiating retinal vessels. In: Proceedings 2003 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.03CH37429). vol. 1. IEEE; 2003. p. 1069\u201372.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2003.1247151"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliahmad B, Kumar DK, Janghorban S, Azemin MZC, Hao H, Kawasaki R. Retinal vessel diameter measurement using multi-step regression method. In: 2012 ISSNIP Biosignals and Biorobotics Conference: Biosignals and Robotics for Better and Safer Living (BRC). IEEE; 2012. p. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/BRC.2012.6222171"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.889732","article-title":"Analysis of retinal vasculature using a multiresolution hermite model","volume":"26","author":"L Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.1.74","article-title":"Computer algorithms for the automated measurement of retinal arteriolar diameters","volume":"85","author":"N Chapman","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girard F, Kavalec C, Tahar HB, Cheriet F. Uncertainty Assessment of Vessels Width Measurement from Intensity Profile Model Fitting in Fundus Images. In: Proceedings of the Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis First International Workshop, OMIA 2014; 2014. p. 41\u201348.","DOI":"10.17077\/omia.1007"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo T, Mendon\u00e7a AM, Campilho A. Estimation of retinal vessel caliber using model fitting and random forests. In: SPIE Medical Imaging. vol. 10134; 2017. p. 10134\u201310134\u20138.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2252025"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"85","article-title":"Image Analysis and Modeling in Ophthalmology","author":"AM Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1109\/34.161346","article-title":"Thinning methodologies-a comprehensive survey","volume":"14","author":"L Lam","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Gonzalez RC, Woods RE. Digital Image Processing. Robbins, Tom; 2002."},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"The approximation of functions, Vol. 2: Nonlinear and multivariate theory","author":"JR Rice","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Hunter A, Lowell J, Ryder R, Basu A, Steel D. Tram-Line filtering for retinal vessel segmentation. Proceedings of the 3rd European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference. 2005;11(1):3\u20136."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poletti E, Grisan E, Ruggeri A. Image-level tortuosity estimation in wide-field retinal images from infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. 2012;(1):4958\u20134961.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6347105"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavinato A, Ballerini L, Trucco E, Grisan E. Spline-based refinement of vessel contours in fundus retinal images for width estimation. In: 2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. IEEE; 2013. p. 872\u2013875.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2013.6556614"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(89)90003-1","article-title":"Choosing nodes in parametric curve interpolation","volume":"21","author":"ETY Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"A Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Practical Handbook of Curve Fitting","author":"SL Arlinghaus","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Optimization Toolbox For Use with M ATLAB","author":"T Coleman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan Yx. A review of trust region algorithms for optimization. ICIAM. 2000;99(271-282).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505143.003.0023"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"A Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R news"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Diri B, Hunter A, Steel D, Habib M, Hudaib T, Berry S. REVIEW\u2014a reference data set for retinal vessel profiles. In: Conference proceedings: 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2008. p. 2262\u20132265.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649647"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez SG, Barreira N, Penedo MG, Pena-Seijo M, Gomez-Ulla F. Evaluation of SIRIUS retinal vessel width measurement in REVIEW dataset. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. IEEE; 2013. p. 71\u201376.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2013.6627767"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1995.1020","article-title":"Automated Grading of Venous Beading","volume":"28","author":"PH Gregson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"issue":"S179","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb00701.x","article-title":"Theoretical relations between light streak characteristics and optical properties of retinal vessels","volume":"64","author":"O Brinchmann-Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trucco E, Ballerini L, Relan D, Giachetti A, MacGillivray TJ, Zutis K, et al. Novel VAMPIRE algorithms for quantitative analysis of the retinal vasculature. In: 2013 ISSNIP Biosignals and Biorobotics Conference; 2013. p. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/BRC.2013.6487552"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","article-title":"Accurate Image Analysis of the Retina Using Hessian Matrix and Binarisation of Thresholded Entropy with Application of Texture Mapping","volume":"9","author":"X Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T19:26:21Z","timestamp":1751570781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194702"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Secomb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]}}}