{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:40:18Z","timestamp":1792802418259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Winetech","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vddpb46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"South African Table Grape Industry"},{"name":"The Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme","award":["THRIP-TP14062571871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THRIP-TP14062571871"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been successfully applied as biological control agents against above ground and soil stages of insect pests. However, for commercial application, it is crucial to mass culture these nematodes using\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n liquid culture technology, as it is not attainable when using susceptible insects as hosts.\n Lobesia vanillana<\/jats:italic>\n (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is regarded a sporadic pest of wine grapes in South Africa. The\n in vivo-<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n -cultured South African EPNs,\n Steinernema yirgalemense<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Steinernema jeffreyense<\/jats:italic>\n (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), were evaluated against larvae and pupae of\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n vanillana<\/jats:italic>\n in laboratory bioassays. For larvae, high mortality was observed for all treatments:\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n -cultured\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n yirgalemense<\/jats:italic>\n (98%) performed better than\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n jeffreyense<\/jats:italic>\n (73%), while within\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n cultures, there was no difference between nematode species (both 83%). No significant difference was detected between\n in vivo-<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n cultures of the same nematode species. The LD\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n -cultured\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n yirgalemense<\/jats:italic>\n , was 7.33 nematodes per larva. Mortality by infection was established by dissecting\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n vanillana<\/jats:italic>\n cadavers and confirming the presence of nematodes, which was > 90% for all treatments. Within\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n cultures, both\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n yirgalemense<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n jeffreyense<\/jats:italic>\n were able to produce a new cohort of infective juveniles from\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n vanillana<\/jats:italic>\n larvae. Pupae, however, were found to be considerably less susceptible to EPN infection. This is the first study on the use of EPNs to control\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n vanillana<\/jats:italic>\n . The relative success of\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n -cultured EPN species in laboratory assays, without any loss in pathogenicity, is encouraging for further research and development of this technology.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T14:23:54Z","timestamp":1629123834000},"page":"e0242645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Potential of in vivo- and in vitro-cultured entomopathogenic nematodes to infect Lobesia vanillana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) under laboratory conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-1534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francois","family":"du Preez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette Paula","family":"Malan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0242645.ref001","first-page":"371","article-title":"Records of Tortricidae from the Afrotropical region, with descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"37","author":"J Razowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"SHILAP Soc Hispano Luso Am Lepid"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4001\/003.022.0225","article-title":"Host records for fruit-feeding Afrotropical tortricidae (Lepidoptera)","volume":"22","author":"JW Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3406\/bsef.1900.22649","article-title":"Description d\u2019un Microl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8re nouveau, nuisible au vanillier et provenant de l\u2019\u00eele de la R\u00e9union","volume":"5","author":"J De Joannis","year":"1900","journal-title":"Bull Soc Entomol France"},{"issue":"01009","key":"pone.0242645.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"New approaches for the management of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff.)","volume":"3","author":"FO Altindisli","year":"2014","journal-title":"BIO web conf"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.647.11098","article-title":"A review of insect parasitoids associated with Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schifferm\u00fcller, 1775) in Italy","volume":"647","author":"PL Scaramozzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/afe.12256","article-title":"Climate warming effects on grape and grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) in the Palearctic region","volume":"20","author":"AP Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric For Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386899-2.00012-9","volume-title":"Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology","author":"SP Stock","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.38.010193.001145","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes","volume":"38","author":"HK Kaya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.047","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes","volume":"22","author":"AR Dillman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.09.005","article-title":"Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control","volume":"38","author":"DI Shapiro-Ilan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol control"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2011.607922","article-title":"Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in temperate regions","volume":"21","author":"JY De Waal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2012.736472","article-title":"Effect of humidity and a superabsorbent polymer formulation on the efficacy of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"23","author":"JY De Waal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4001\/003.024.0061","article-title":"Evaluation of above-ground application of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of diapausing codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) under natural conditions","volume":"24","author":"D Odendaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000887","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in field and laboratory trials","volume":"90","author":"D Odendaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2011.07.006","article-title":"Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth","volume":"108","author":"AP Malan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4001\/003.024.0489","article-title":"Evaluation of local entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick, 1913), in a citrus orchard in South Africa","volume":"24","author":"AP Malan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref017","volume-title":"Integrated control of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, on stone fruit and table grapes","author":"VM Steyn","year":"2019"},{"issue":"104052","key":"pone.0242645.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), using in vitro-cultured Steinernema jeffreyense and S. yirgalemense","volume":"138","author":"VM Steyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Contr"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000450","article-title":"Development and population dynamics of Steinernema yirgalemense (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and growth characteristics of its associated Xenorhabdus indica symbiont in liquid culture","volume":"90","author":"T Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-019-09977-7","article-title":"In vitro liquid culture and optimization of Steinernema jeffreyense using shake flasks","volume":"65","author":"M Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.7000230","article-title":"Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts","volume":"28","author":"DI Shapiro-Ilan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.07.023","article-title":"Potential of South African entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) for control of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Pseudococcidae)","volume":"111","author":"S Van Niekerk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref023","first-page":"296","article-title":"The potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes to control Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)","volume":"34","author":"PD Le Vieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref024","first-page":"208","article-title":"Potential of local entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus","volume":"39","author":"T Platt","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref025","first-page":"13","article-title":"Foliar application of Steinernema yirgalemense to control Planococcus ficus: Assessing adjuvants to improve efficacy","volume":"40","author":"T Platt","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref026","first-page":"75","article-title":"Grapevine leaf application of Steinernema yirgalemense to control Planococcus ficus in semi-field conditions","volume":"40","author":"T Platt","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref027","volume-title":"Optimization of a mass-rearing system to produce codling moth, Cydia pomonella, for a Sterile Insect Release programme in South Africa [dissertation]","author":"D Stenekamp","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4001\/003.023.0232","article-title":"Cost-effective culturing of Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor and entomopathogenic nematode production in various hosts","volume":"23","author":"C Van Zyl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000097","article-title":"Steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa","volume":"90","author":"AP Malan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref030","first-page":"331","article-title":"Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes: a handbook of techniques. Fayetteville: Arkansas Agricultural Experimental Station","author":"JL Woodring","year":"1988","journal-title":"Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994222.0229","volume-title":"Bioassays of entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes","author":"I Glazer","year":"2000"},{"issue":"e52083","key":"pone.0242645.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)","volume":"89","author":"RA Orozco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref033","author":"TIBCO Software Inc","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref034","unstructured":"Hintze J. NCSS 2007. Kaysville, Utah, USA: NCSS, LLC. [software]; 2007. Available from https:\/\/www.ncss.com"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref035","first-page":"54","article-title":"Vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a key pest in South African vineyards: A review","volume":"25","author":"VM Walton","year":"2004","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2017.11.008","article-title":"Surveying and screening South African entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)","volume":"105","author":"M James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref037","first-page":"477","volume-title":"Sustainability in plant and crop protection: Ecology and applied technologies for sustainable plant and crop protection","author":"AP Malan","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0242645.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0337","article-title":"Potential use of local entomopathogenic nematodes to control Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) under laboratory conditions","volume":"26","author":"A Katumanyane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1163\/156854106777998728","article-title":"Steinernema khoisanae n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa","volume":"8","author":"K Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nematol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4001\/003.025.0123","article-title":"Laboratory bioassays to determine susceptibility of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), to entomopathogenic nematodes","volume":"25","author":"NF Stokwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4001\/003.022.0114","article-title":"In vitro liquid culture of a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica for the control of insect pests","volume":"22","author":"T Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4001\/003.025.0275","article-title":"The attributes of survival in the formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes utilised as insect biocontrol agents","volume":"25","author":"N Kagimu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref043","unstructured":"Kagimu N. The development of a formulation for the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes [dissertation]. Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa; 2018. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10019.1\/104858"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-019-09945-1","article-title":"Formulation of South African entomopathogenic nematodes using alginate beads and diatomaceous earth","volume":"64","author":"N Kagimu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100711","article-title":"Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection","volume":"56","author":"RU Ehlers","year":"2001","journal-title":"App Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/aen.12386","article-title":"Control of the banded fruit weevil, Phlyctinus callosus (Sch\u00f6nherr) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes","volume":"58","author":"B Dlamini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref047","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of a polymer-surfactant formulation to improve control of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under simulated natural conditions","volume":"17","author":"S Van Niekerk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Plant Prot"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X13000771","article-title":"Adjuvants to improve aerial control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using entomopathogenic","volume":"98","author":"S Van Niekerk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pone.0242645.ref049","first-page":"301","article-title":"Potential of South African entomopathogenic nematodes to control the leaf miner, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)","volume":"40","author":"LA Steyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1673078718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242645"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adler R.","family":"Dillman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242645","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.09.374066","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]}}}