{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:11:21Z","timestamp":1776813081329,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["032094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["032094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a chemopreventive compound, is highly reactive due to its considerably electrophilic nature. Furthermore, it is hydrophobic and has low stability, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. This restricts its use in biomedical and nutraceutical or food applications. Thus, the encapsulation of this agent has the function of overcoming these limitations, promoting its solubility in water, and stabilizing it, preserving its bioactivity. So, polymeric microparticles were developed using chitosan-olive oil-PEITC systems. For this, an optimisation process (factors: olive oil: chitosan ratio and PEITC: chitosan ratio) was implemented through a 3-level factorial experimental design. The responses were: the particle size, zeta-potential, polydisperse index, and entrapment efficiency. The optimal formulation was further characterised by FTIR and biocompatibility in Caco-2 cells. Optimal conditions were olive oil: chitosan and PEITC: chitosan ratios of 1.46 and 0.25, respectively. These microparticles had a size of 629 nm, a zeta-potential of 32.3 mV, a polydispersity index of 0.329, and entrapment efficiency of 98.49%. We found that the inclusion process affected the optical behaviour of the PEITC, as well as the microparticles themselves and their interaction with the medium. Furthermore, the microparticles did not show cytotoxicity within the therapeutic values of PEITC. Thus, PEITC was microencapsulated with characteristics suitable for potential biomedical, nutraceutical and food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T13:47:22Z","timestamp":1620308842000},"page":"e0248257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chitosan-olive oil microparticles for phenylethyl isothiocyanate delivery: Optimal formulation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-2001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ezequiel R.","family":"Coscueta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-6639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Celso A.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0248257.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2014.08.003","article-title":"Phenethyl isothiocyanate: A comprehensive review of anti-cancer mechanisms","volume":"1846","author":"P Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta\u2014Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0248257.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030624","article-title":"Isothiocyanates: An Overview of Their Antimicrobial Activity against Human Infections","volume":"23","author":"L Romeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0248257.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.127","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate, an active ingredient of Raphanus sativus Linne","volume":"131","author":"PD Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0248257.ref004","first-page":"71","article-title":"Isothiocyanates: a Review","volume":"5","author":"C Kala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res J Pharmacogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0248257.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00865E","article-title":"Sensory acceptable equivalent doses of \u03b2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) induce cell cycle arrest and retard the growth of p53 mutated oral cancer in vitro and in vivo","volume":"9","author":"A Lam-Ubol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0248257.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2006358","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate from cruciferous vegetables on growth inhibition and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through the induction of death receptors 4 and 5","volume":"59","author":"LD Huong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0248257.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-014-9610-y","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of phenethyl isothiocyanate: Implications in breast cancer prevention","volume":"16","author":"ME Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"pone.0248257.ref008","first-page":"1700908","volume-title":"Molecular Nutrition and Food Research","author":"S Dayalan Naidu","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0248257.ref009","unstructured":"Pusateri DJ, Kizer TR, Lowry AN. 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