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The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of<jats:italic>Cardiocorax mukulu<\/jats:italic>was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as<jats:italic>Cardiocorax mukulu<\/jats:italic>based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects.<jats:italic>Cardiocorax mukulu<\/jats:italic>is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses.<jats:italic>Cardiocorax mukulu<\/jats:italic>lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28\u201340) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that<jats:italic>Cardiocorax mukulu<\/jats:italic>represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T18:07:26Z","timestamp":1629223646000},"page":"e0255773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-8032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel P.","family":"Marx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1253-3616","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Polcyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne S.","family":"Schulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. Ol\u00edmpio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-3678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louis L.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0255773.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12038","article-title":"Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic\u2013Cretaceous transition","volume":"89","author":"RBJ Benson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0255773.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701144","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701144","article-title":"A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan","volume":"3","author":"T Wintrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci 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