{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:35:25Z","timestamp":1790429725571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["17J08974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17J08974"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["19J01485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19J01485"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["Nos. 25240020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 25240020"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["26119514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26119514"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["16H01505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H01505"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["15K12047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K12047"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["25118002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25118002"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["16H06301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H06301"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["25118003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25118003"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["JP16J08691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16J08691"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["JP16J1034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16J1034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many animals probably hold mental representations about the whereabouts of others; this is a form of socio-spatial cognition. We tested whether cats mentally map the spatial position of their owner or a familiar cat to the source of the owner\u2019s or familiar cat\u2019s vocalization. In Experiment 1, we placed one speaker outside a familiar room (speaker 1) and another (speaker 2) inside the room, as far as possible from speaker 1, then we left the subject alone in the room. In the habituation phase, the cat heard its owner\u2019s voice calling its name five times from speaker 1. In the test phase, shortly after the 5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> habituation phase vocalization, one of the two speakers played either the owner\u2019s voice or a stranger\u2019s voice calling the cat\u2019s name once. There were four test combinations of speaker location and sound: Same<jats:sub>sound<\/jats:sub>Same<jats:sub>location<\/jats:sub>, Same<jats:sub>sound<\/jats:sub>Diff<jats:sub>location<\/jats:sub>, Diff<jats:sub>sound<\/jats:sub>Same<jats:sub>location<\/jats:sub>, Diff<jats:sub>sound<\/jats:sub>Diff<jats:sub>location<\/jats:sub>. In line with our prediction, cats showed most surprise in the Same<jats:sub>sound<\/jats:sub>Diff<jats:sub>location<\/jats:sub> condition, where the owner suddenly seemed to be in a new place. This reaction disappeared when we used cat vocalizations (Experiment 2) or non-vocal sounds (Experiment 3) as the auditory stimuli. Our results suggest that cats have mental representations about their out-of-sight owner linked to hearing the owner\u2019s voice, indicating a previously unidentified socio-spatial cognitive ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T19:28:13Z","timestamp":1636572493000},"page":"e0257611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Socio-spatial cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner\u2019s location from voice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-9521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saho","family":"Takagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Chijiiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minori","family":"Arahori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hika","family":"Kuroshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0257611.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0690-3","article-title":"Socio-spatial cognition in vervet monkeys","volume":"17","author":"R No\u00eb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0257611.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-009-0250-z","article-title":"What do dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) understand about hidden objects?","volume":"13","author":"K Jaakkola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0257611.ref003","author":"J Piaget","year":"1954","journal-title":"The development of object concept"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0257611.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.23.5.655","article-title":"Object permanence in 3\u00bd-and 4\u00bd-month-old infants","volume":"23","author":"R Baillargeon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0257611.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035675","article-title":"Do animals understand invisible displacement? 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