{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1771509204715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"slovenian research agency","award":["P5-0093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P5-0093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shaped higher education and seen the distinct rise of e-learning as a compulsory element of the modern educational landscape. Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 10,092 higher education students from 10 countries across 4 continents during the pandemic\u2019s first wave through an online survey. A structural equation model revealed the quality of e-learning was mainly derived from service quality, the teacher\u2019s active role in the process of online education, and the overall system quality, while the students\u2019 digital competencies and online interactions with their colleagues and teachers were considered to be slightly less important factors. The impact of e-learning quality on the students\u2019 performance was strongly mediated by their satisfaction with e-learning. In general, the model gave quite consistent results across countries, gender, study fields, and levels of study. The findings provide a basis for policy recommendations to support decision-makers incorporate e-learning issues in the current and any new similar circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T03:47:40Z","timestamp":1634788060000},"page":"e0258807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Academic student satisfaction and perceived performance in the e-learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence across ten countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4505-7134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damijana","family":"Ker\u017ei\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jogymol Kalariparampil","family":"Alex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3432-193X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roxana","family":"Pamela Balbont\u00edn Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9567-7828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Denilson da Silva","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cheraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-9534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beata","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-8258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adeniyi Francis","family":"Fagbamigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"MoezAlIslam Ezzat","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-9761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Belinka","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luz Maria","family":"Gonzalez-Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fany","family":"Inasius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sujita Kumar","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9lia","family":"Laz\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-0617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florin","family":"Laz\u0103r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4884-0474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Daniel","family":"Machin-Mastromatteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9214-5378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mar\u00f4co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-5405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bertil Pires","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oliva","family":"Mej\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvia Mariela","family":"M\u00e9ndez Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alpana","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mollica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvana Guadalupe","family":"Navarro Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alka","family":"Obadi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-7630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Raccanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Md Mamun Ur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-820X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dejan","family":"Rav\u0161elj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Toma\u017eevi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-0905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chinaza","family":"Uleanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Umek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-4965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giada","family":"Vicentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Yorulmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Zamfir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Aristovnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2006.11.007","article-title":"What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction.","volume":"50","author":"PC Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.014","article-title":"Investigating the influence of the most commonly used external variables of TAM on students\u2019 Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU) of e-portfolios.","volume":"63","author":"F Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.045","article-title":"Adapting the technology acceptance model to evaluate the innovative potential of e-learning systems.","volume":"30","author":"D Persico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3923\/ajsr.2017.271.280","article-title":"Social critical factors affecting intentions and behaviours to use E-Learning: An empirical investigation using technology acceptance model.","volume":"10","author":"DB Setyohadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Sci Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0258807.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242905","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: Medical students\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding electronic learning.","volume":"15","author":"A Alsoufi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249425","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249425","article-title":"Effects of realistic e-learning cases on students\u2019 learning motivation during COVID-19.","volume":"16","author":"AK Rahm","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0248758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248758","article-title":"The experiences, challenges, and acceptance of e-learning as a tool for teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic among university medical staff.","volume":"16","author":"MM Zalat","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0258807.ref008","first-page":"8438","article-title":"Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students","volume":"12","author":"A Aristovnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"A global perspective"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.201","article-title":"Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research.","volume":"51","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.5539\/ass.v11n4p371","article-title":"Use of structural equation modeling in social science research","volume":"11","author":"W Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6209-332-4","volume-title":"Application of structural equation modeling in educational research and practice","author":"MS Khine","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref012","unstructured":"IUA. COVID-19: Higher education challenges and responses. International Association of Universities. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.iau-aiu.net\/COVID-19-Higher-Education-challenges-and-responses"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1813180","article-title":"Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities.","author":"OB Adedoyin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments."},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0258807.ref014","first-page":"53","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tertiary education in Bangladesh: students\u2019 perspectives.","volume":"8","author":"S Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open J Soc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2016.1276082","article-title":"Unfolding online learning behavioral patterns and their temporal changes of college students in SPOCs.","volume":"25","author":"HN Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103957","article-title":"Exploring the behavioral patterns of students learning with a Facebook-based e-book approach.","volume":"156","author":"H Zarzour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning.","volume":"27","author":"C Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"EDUCAUSE review."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD. Education at a Glance 2020. OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. 2020. doi: 10.1787\/69096873-en","DOI":"10.1787\/69096873-en"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02343-7","article-title":"Attitudes and concerns of undergraduate university health sciences students in Croatia regarding complete switch to e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic: a survey.","volume":"20","author":"L Puljak","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2020.1802583","article-title":"Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University","volume":"46","author":"ME Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Teaching"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-020-09880-9","article-title":"Education in the age of COVID-19: Understanding the consequences.","volume":"66","author":"P Stanistreet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref022","first-page":"783","article-title":"The impact of online learning during COVID-19: Students\u2019 and teachers\u2019 perspective.","volume":"8","author":"D. Nambiar","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Indian Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208631","article-title":"The efect of COVID-19 in university tutoring models.","volume":"12","author":"D P\u00e9rez-Jorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref024","first-page":"e7492","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on medical education.","volume":"12","author":"MN Ferrel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e083","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0083","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on dental education: discussing current and future perspectives.","volume":"34","author":"RA Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203308","article-title":"E-Learning perception and satisfaction among health sciences students amid the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"67","author":"MS Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0258807.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105249","article-title":"Self-Perceived Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic by Dental Students in Bucharest.","volume":"18","author":"L Iosif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0258807.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155519","article-title":"Experiences of nursing students during the abrupt change from face-to-face to e-learning education during the first month of confinement due to COVID-19 in Spain.","volume":"17","author":"AJ Ramos-Morcillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref029","first-page":"215","article-title":"The determinants of students\u2019 perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction in university online education: An empirical investigation.","volume":"4","author":"SB Eom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Decis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref030","article-title":"The effects of student engagement, student satisfaction, and perceived learning in online learning environments","volume":"11","author":"JA Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562904271199","article-title":"A structural equation model of predictors for effective online learning","volume":"29","author":"RB Marks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of management education"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.10.001","article-title":"Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses.","volume":"20","author":"YC Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Internet High Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref033","first-page":"102","article-title":"Assessing the relationship of student-instructor and student-student interaction to student learning and satisfaction in web-based online learning environment","volume":"8","author":"A. Sher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Online Learning"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.12.001","article-title":"E-learning success determinants: Brazilian empirical study.","volume":"122","author":"WA Cidral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.12.012","article-title":"A study of student satisfaction in a blended e-learning system environment.","volume":"55","author":"JH Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref036","first-page":"193","article-title":"Is e-learning for everyone? An internal-external framework of e-learning initiatives.","volume":"7","author":"P Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Online Learn Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref037","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effectiveness of e-learning portal from students\u2019 perspective: A structural equation model (SEM) approach.","volume":"26","author":"G Chopra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.02.008","article-title":"Online university students\u2019 satisfaction and persistence: Examining perceived level of presence, usefulness and ease of use as predictors in a structural model.","volume":"57","author":"YJ Joo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.014","article-title":"How do online course design features influence student performance?.","volume":"95","author":"SS Jaggars","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Educ."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.09.013","article-title":"Analyzing productive learning behaviors for students using immediate corrective feedback in a blended learning environment.","volume":"117","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.08.004","article-title":"Evaluating E-learning systems success: An empirical study.","volume":"102","author":"D Al-Fraihat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0258807.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219194","article-title":"The impact of environmental factors on academic performance of university students taking online classes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico.","volume":"12","author":"A Realyv\u00e1squez-Vargas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-020-01028-z","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 in E-learning on higher education institution students: the group comparison between male and female.","volume":"55","author":"A Shahzad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Quant."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0258807.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10219-y","article-title":"Exploring the critical challenges and factors influencing the E-learning system usage during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"25","author":"MA Almaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref045","unstructured":"Schleicher A. The impact of COVID-19 on education: Insights from education at a glance 2020. OECD. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref046","unstructured":"Hungarian Rectors\u2019 Conference. Hungarian response to COVID-19. In Regional\/National Perspectives on the Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education (pp. 25\u201330). International Association of Universities, 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.iau-aiu.net\/IMG\/pdf\/iau_covid-19_regional_perspectives_on_the_impact_of_covid-19_on_he_july_2020_.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref047","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Challenges of implementing e-learning in developing countries: A review.","author":"TN Aung","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"pone.0258807.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-04-2020-0116","article-title":"Collaborating in online teaching: inviting e-guests to facilitate learning in the digital environment.","volume":"121","author":"C. Fulton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information and Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"pone.0258807.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-04-2020-0081","article-title":"Designing for and facilitating knowledge-building discourse in online courses.","volume":"121","author":"M Duvall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information and Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"pone.0258807.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-04-2020-0138","article-title":"Teaching with social media: Evidence-based strategies for making remote higher education less remote.","volume":"121","author":"C Greenhow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information and Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/asi3040051","article-title":"Business continuity plan in the higher education industry: University students\u2019 perceptions of the effectiveness of academic continuity plans during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"3","author":"R Rasiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied System Innovation"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.196","article-title":"Leading to intention: The role of attitude in relation to technology acceptance model in e-learning.","volume":"105","author":"Z. Hussein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0258807.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186468","article-title":"Students\u2019 acceptance of the Covid-19 impact on shifting higher education to distance learning in Poland.","volume":"17","author":"M Rizun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/2900000005","article-title":"Information systems success measurement.","volume":"2","author":"WH DeLone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-11-2017-0116","article-title":"An extension of Delone and McLean IS success model with self-efficacy: Online learning usage in Yemen.","volume":"35","author":"A Aldholay","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.20448\/journal.509.2020.73.285.292","article-title":"Determinants of students\u2019 perceived learning outcome and satisfaction in online learning during the pandemic of COVID-19.","volume":"7","author":"H. Baber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Educ Elearn Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0258807.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.03.028","article-title":"A model for measuring e-learning systems success in universities.","volume":"39","author":"A Hassanzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0973703020946700","article-title":"Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education and research","volume":"14","author":"S Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Human Development"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref059","unstructured":"Deloitte. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on higher education institutions. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/ie\/en\/pages\/covid-19\/articles\/covid-19-on-higher-education.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045748","article-title":"The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: a ten-year update.","volume":"19","author":"WH DeLone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.06.003","article-title":"Multi-dimensional alignment between online instruction and course technology: A learner-centered perspective.","volume":"101","author":"J. Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258807.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052403","article-title":"Measuring Online Teaching Service Quality in Higher Education in the COVID-19 Environment.","volume":"18","author":"JM Ram\u00edrez-Hurtado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref063","unstructured":"European Students\u2019 Union. ESU\u2019s survey on student life during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/eua.eu\/partners-news\/492-esu%E2%80%99s-survey-on-student-life-during-the-Covid-19-pandemic.html"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref064","author":"A Aristovnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Global Student Survey \u201cImpacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students\u201d Methodological Framework."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref065","article-title":"Statistical analysis with missing data.","author":"RJ Little","year":"2019","journal-title":"John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0258807.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182576cdb","article-title":"Missing data: a systematic review of how they are reported and handled.","volume":"23","author":"I Eekhout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1076\/edre.7.4.353.8937","article-title":"A review of methods for missing data.","volume":"7","author":"TD Pigott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educational Research and Evaluation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref068","first-page":"19","article-title":"Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences","volume":"40","author":"JT Croasmun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Adult Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more.","volume":"48","author":"Y. Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref070","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural equation modeling: A multidisciplinary journal"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref072","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co J. An\u00e1lise de equa\u00e7\u00f5es estruturais: Fundamentos te\u00f3ricos, software & aplica\u00e7\u00f5es. (2nd ed.). Report Number. 2014."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref073","unstructured":"Jorgensen TD, Pornprasertmanit S, Schoemann A, Rosseel Y. semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5\u20133. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=semTools"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref075","article-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment.","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Erlbaum"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0258807.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2010.00356.x","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of e\u2010learning acceptance","volume":"21","author":"YM Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information Systems Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0258807.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.2993","article-title":"Key factors in learners\u2019 satisfaction with the e-learning system at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","volume":"34","author":"JS Mtebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"pone.0258807.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-2012-0767","article-title":"The role of information technology in e-learning systems success.","volume":"31","author":"S Eom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Systems Management."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0258807.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-010-9032-5","article-title":"The role of involvement in learning management system success","volume":"22","author":"JE Klobas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comput High Educ"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref080","unstructured":"Krueger K. Reinventing learning in Portugal: An ecosystem approach report of the 2013 CoSN Delegation to Portugal. CoSN. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/cosn.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/ReinventingLearning_Portugal_April14.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref081","unstructured":"Eurostat. Tertiary education statistics. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Tertiary_education_statistics&oldid=507549"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0258807.ref082","first-page":"588","article-title":"A literature review of E-learning and E-teaching in the era of Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Z. Mseleku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Innov Sci Res TechnolInternational Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology."},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105582","article-title":"Conventional to online education during COVID-19 pandemic: Do develop and underdeveloped nations cope alike.","volume":"119","author":"A Qazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0258807.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.238","article-title":"The current state and impact of Covid\u201019 on digital higher education in Germany.","volume":"3","author":"O. Zawacki\u2010Richter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Behav Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"pone.0258807.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11950","article-title":"Medical and surgical education challenges and innovations in the COVID-19 era: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"A Dedeilia","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00528-1","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of preclinical medical education: COVID-19 crisis and beyond.","volume":"2","author":"U Gaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0258807.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063058","article-title":"Facing COVID-19 challenges: 1st-year students\u2019 experience with the Romanian hybrid higher educational system","volume":"18","author":"S Potra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0258807.ref088","unstructured":"EMN\/OECD. Impact of COVID-19 on international students in EU and OECD member states\u2013EMN-OECD Inform. Brussels: European Migration Network. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/home-affairs\/sites\/homeaffairs\/files\/00_eu_inform2_students_final_en.pdf"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T03:49:30Z","timestamp":1634788170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258807"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dejan","family":"Dragan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258807","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}}}