{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:21:56Z","timestamp":1773159716858,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/143025\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143025\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uncertainty has been shown to reduce the willingness to cooperate in various social dilemmas and negatively affect prosocial behavior. However, some studies showed that uncertainty does not always decrease prosocial behavior, depending on the type of uncertainty. More specifically, recent research has shown that prosocial behavior tends to increase under impact uncertainty\u2014uncertainty about the consequences for others if they become infected. In addition, researchers have argued that intuition favors prosocial behavior while deliberation leads to selfish behavior. Our study explored how intuitive (time pressure) or deliberate mental processing, under outcome, or impact uncertainty affect prosocial behavior in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our sample consists of 496 participants, and we used a 4 (COVID-19 scenario: Control vs. Impact Uncertainty vs. Worst-Case vs. Indirect Transmission) by 2 (decision time: time delay vs. time pressure) between-subjects design. Results suggest that participants are more inclined to stay at home (prosocial intention) when forced to make their decisions intuitively rather than deliberately. Additionally, we found that uncertainty does not always decrease prosocial behavior. It seems that uncertainty does not affect the prosocial intention in a scenario with a real infectious disease. These findings suggest that the distinction between outcome and impact uncertainty may be due to the realism of experimental stimuli interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T17:26:12Z","timestamp":1648574772000},"page":"e0266050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A dual-process approach to prosocial behavior under COVID-19 uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-0058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-7671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nuno","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Arantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-9148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266050.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0372-x","article-title":"Uncertainty about the impact of social decisions increases prosocial behaviour","volume":"2","author":"A Kappes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266050.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3793","article-title":"Telling people to \"rely on their reasoning\" increases intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission","volume":"35","author":"V Capraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0266050.ref003","first-page":"2000180","article-title":"Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020","volume":"25","author":"K Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro surveillance"},{"key":"pone.0266050.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.020","article-title":"Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19)","volume":"94","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0266050.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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