{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:01:14Z","timestamp":1768453274380,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a ci\u00eancia e a tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145851\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145851\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a ci\u00eancia e a tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/79913\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/79913\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a ci\u00eancia e a tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/01257\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01257\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a ci\u00eancia e a tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Portuguese funds through FCT, under the \u2018Norma Transit\u00f3ria\u2019 DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portuguese funds through FCT, under the \u2018Norma Transit\u00f3ria\u2019 DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"european social fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Human Potential Operational Programme, POPH\/FSE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Human Potential Operational Programme, POPH\/FSE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco","award":["travel expenses to Monaco"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["travel expenses to Monaco"]}]},{"name":"monaco explorations","award":["supported the lab work and publication fees"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["supported the lab work and publication fees"]}]},{"name":"mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco","award":["travel expenses to Monaco"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["travel expenses to Monaco"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studying collection specimens is often the only way to unravel information about recent extinctions. These can reveal knowledge on threats and life traits related to extinction, and contribute, by extrapolation, to the conservation of extant species. However, high-throughput sequencing methods have rarely been applied to extinct species to reveal information on their ecology. Insular species are especially prone to extinction. We studied the gut contents of three specimens of the extinct giant skink <jats:italic>Chioninia coctei<\/jats:italic> of the Cabo Verde Islands using microscopy and DNA-metabarcoding. The presence of <jats:italic>Tachygonetria<\/jats:italic> adult nematodes suggests plants as important diet items. Our metabarcoding approach also identified plants and, additionally, invertebrates, supporting the hypothesis of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coctei<\/jats:italic>\u2019s generalist diet. The absence of vertebrates in the digestive contents may reflect the decline of seabirds on the Desertas Islands that could have contributed to the debilitation of the giant skink, already depleted by persecution and severe droughts. Even with a small sample size, this study contributes to shedding light on the trophic roles of this enigmatic extinct species and emphasizes the need to develop holistic conservation plans for island threatened taxa. Additionally, it illustrates the potential of integrating up-to-date molecular methods with traditional approaches to studying collection specimens to help to solve ecological puzzles in other ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T17:25:29Z","timestamp":1657128329000},"page":"e0270032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Digging in a 120 years-old lunch: What can we learn from collection specimens of extinct species?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Catarina J.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-4753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-9429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raquel","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270032.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13499","article-title":"Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore","volume":"34","author":"NP Kristensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"7755","key":"pone.0270032.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01448-4","article-title":"Humans are driving one million species to extinction","volume":"569","author":"J. Tollefson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6354","key":"pone.0270032.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam8326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8326","article-title":"Island biogeography: taking the long view of nature\u2019s laboratories","volume":"357","author":"RJ Whittaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0270032.ref004","first-page":"193","article-title":"Dietary adaptations and herbivory in lacertid lizards of the genus Podarcis from western Mediterranean islands (Reptilia: Sauria)","volume":"44","author":"V P\u00e9rez-Mellado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bonn Zool Beitr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12290","article-title":"Insularity affects head morphology, bite force and diet in a Mediterranean lizard","volume":"112","author":"K Sagonas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/1942538","article-title":"The evolution of finch communities on islands and continents: Kenya vs. Galapagos","volume":"58","author":"D. Schluter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/1565956","article-title":"Distribution of maximum snout-vent length among species of scincid lizards","volume":"35","author":"AE Greer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270032.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2008.00414.x","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of lizard body sizes","volume":"17","author":"S Meiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02390.x","article-title":"Slaying dragons: limited evidence for unusual body size evolution on islands","volume":"38","author":"S Meiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270032.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00567.x","article-title":"Body size of insular lizards: A pattern of Holocene dwarfism","volume":"40","author":"G. Pregill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270032.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510541103","article-title":"Latent extinction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation","volume":"103","author":"M Cardillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2002.02283.x","article-title":"Lying in wait for extinction: ecological correlates of conservation status among Australian elapid snakes","volume":"16","author":"RN Reed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.05.028","article-title":"Life-history traits and extrinsic threats determine extinction risk in New Zealand lizards","volume":"165","author":"R Tingley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.09040923.x","article-title":"Inferring threat from scientific collections","volume":"9","author":"MA Burgman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270032.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01336.x","article-title":"Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches","volume":"12","author":"A Colles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.13157\/arla.63.1.2016.rp1","article-title":"What are we learning about speciation and extinction from the Canary Islands?","volume":"63","author":"JC Illera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ardeola"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.11.002","article-title":"The diet and environment of mammoths in North-East Russia reconstructed from the contents of their feces","volume":"406","author":"IV Kirillova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(97)00048-7","article-title":"Identifying declining and threatened species with museum data","volume":"83","author":"MA McCarthy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"5620","key":"pone.0270032.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084114","article-title":"Diverse plant and animal genetic records from holocene and pleistocene sediments","volume":"300","author":"E Willerslev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"42","key":"pone.0270032.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307700110","article-title":"Resolving lost herbivore community structure using coprolites of four sympatric moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)","volume":"110","author":"JR Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6233","key":"pone.0270032.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/340465a0","article-title":"DNA phylogeny of the extinct marsupial wolf","volume":"340","author":"RH Thomas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270032.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.08.017","article-title":"Back to the future: museum specimens in population genetics","volume":"22","author":"P Wandeler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3288.1.1","article-title":"A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae)","volume":"3288","author":"SB Hedges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref024","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Conservation Biology","author":"TJ Case","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12419","article-title":"Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size","volume":"25","author":"M B\u00f6hm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/2390065","article-title":"Ecological energetics and food acquisition in dense menorcan islet populations of the lizard Podarcis lilfordi","volume":"8","author":"RP Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/1565584","article-title":"Evolution of herbivory in lacertid lizards: effects of insularity and body size","volume":"33","author":"R. Van Damme","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01599.x","article-title":"The diet of the Madeiran lizard Lacerta dugesii","volume":"73","author":"RA Sadek","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2017.00159","article-title":"The plight of reptiles as ecological actors in the tropics","volume":"5","author":"EBP Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref030","volume-title":"Herpetofauna caboverdiana","author":"H. Schleich","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605311001438","article-title":"Review of the distribution and conservation status of the terrestrial reptiles of the Cape Verde Islands","volume":"47","author":"R Vasconcelos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2010.00453.x","article-title":"An integrative taxonomic revision of the Cape Verdean skinks (Squamata, Scincidae)","volume":"40","author":"A Miralles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool Scr"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref033","volume-title":"Erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou Histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles","author":"AHA Dum\u00e9ril","year":"1839"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref034","first-page":"209","article-title":"M\u00e9langes erp\u00e9tologiques. II. Sur quelques reptiles et batraciens nouveaux, rares ou peu connus d\u2019Afrique occidentale","volume":"4","author":"J. Bocage","year":"1873","journal-title":"Jorn Sci Math Phys Nat, Acad Real Sci Lisb"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009809386783","article-title":"Some remarkable specimens of the giant Cape Verde skink, Macroscincus coctei (Dumeril & Bibron, 1839), with notes about its distribution and causes of its possible extinction","volume":"65","author":"F Andreone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ital J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref036","author":"P Uetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Reptile Database"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109101","article-title":"Conservation status of the world\u2019s skinks (Scincidae): Taxonomic and geographic patterns in extinction risk","volume":"257","author":"DG Chapple","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref038","article-title":"Chioninia coctei","author":"R. Vasconcelos","year":"2013","journal-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref039","first-page":"122","article-title":"Lista vermelha para os r\u00e9pteis (Reptilia)","volume":"193","author":"H. Schleich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Primeira Lista Vermelha de Cabo Verde"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref040","first-page":"78","article-title":"Letze Nachforschungen zum Kapverdischen Riesenskinks Macroscincus coctei (D\u00fameril & Bibron 1839) (Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae)","volume":"18","author":"H. Schleich","year":"1982","journal-title":"Salamandra"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"pone.0270032.ref041","first-page":"15","article-title":"Herpetological observations on Cape Verde: a tribute to the Italian naturalist Leonardo Fea, with complementary notes on Macroscincus coctei (Dum\u00e9ril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Scincidae)","volume":"13","author":"F. Andreone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Herpetozoa"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref042","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nuevas observaciones herpetol\u00f3gicas en las islas Desertas (Archipi\u00e9lago de Cabo Verde)","volume":"8","author":"JA Mateo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Herpetol Esp"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref043","first-page":"73","article-title":"Primeras evidencias de la supervivencia del escinco gigante de Cabo Verde, Macroscincus coctei (Dum\u00e9ril & Bibron, 1839)","volume":"15","author":"JA Mateo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Herpetol Esp"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270032.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/00222937600770551","article-title":"On the evolution of the giant Cape Verde scincid lizard Macroscincus coctei","volume":"10","author":"AE Greer","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Nat Hist"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1163\/156853803322763927","article-title":"Giant and long-lived? Age structure in Macroscincus coctei, an extinct skink from Cape Verde","volume":"24","author":"F Andreone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amphib-reptil"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref046","unstructured":"Carreira A. Ensaio e mem\u00f3rias econ\u00f3micas sobre as ilhas de Cabo Verde (s\u00e9culo XVIII) por Jo\u00e3o da Silva Feij\u00f3. Instituto Caboverdiano do Livro, Praia. 1986."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1898.tb05509.x","article-title":"VII.\u2014An Ornithological Expedition to the Cape Verde Islands","volume":"40","author":"B. Alexander","year":"1898","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref048","first-page":"111","article-title":"Ueber die Reiseneideehse der Inseln der Gr\u00fcnen Vorgebirges","volume":"41","author":"Troschel","year":"1875","journal-title":"Arehi Naturgesch"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref049","first-page":"811","article-title":"Sur les Macroscincus coctei, D., B., r\u00e9cemment arriv\u00e9s ala m\u00e9nagerie du Mus\u00e9um d\u2019Histoire naturelle","volume":"94","author":"M. Vaillant","year":"1882","journal-title":"Comptes rendus hebd s\u00e9ances Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref050","first-page":"65","article-title":"Reptis de algumas possess\u00f5es portuguezas d\u2019Africa que existem no museu de Lisboa","volume":"IV","author":"J. Bocage","year":"1896","journal-title":"Jorn Sci Math Phys Nat, Acad Real Sci Lisb"},{"issue":"107","key":"pone.0270032.ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osservazioni sul Macroscincus coctaei DUM. e BIBR","volume":"6","author":"M. Peracca","year":"1891","journal-title":"Boll Mus Zool Anat comp R Univ Torino"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref052","first-page":"81","article-title":"Campagne scientifique de la \"Princesse Alice\" en 1901","volume":"27","author":"J. Richard","year":"1902","journal-title":"Bull Soc Zool Fr"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.10.015","article-title":"The use of museum specimens with high-throughput DNA sequencers","volume":"79","author":"AS Burrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270032.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05403.x","article-title":"Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing","volume":"21","author":"F Pompanon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270032.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05470.x","article-title":"Towards next-generation biodiversity assessment using DNA metabarcoding","volume":"21","author":"P Taberlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref056","unstructured":"Diniz AC, Matos GC. Carta de Zona\u00e7\u00e3o Agro-Ecol\u00f3gica e da Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de Cabo Verde VI e VII\u2014Ilha de S. Vicente\u2014Ilha Sta. Luzia. 1994."},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.015","article-title":"Structure, composition and age of the small islands of Santa Luzia, Branco and Raso (Cape Verde Archipelago)","volume":"302","author":"E Ancochea","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geotherm Res"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref058","first-page":"14","volume-title":"The Natural History of the Desertas Islands\u2014Santa Luzia","author":"R Freitas","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref059","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Catalogue des vert\u00e9br\u00e9s des collections du Mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de Monaco: Amphibiens, reptiles, oiseaux et mammif\u00e8res, Bulletin de l\u2019 institut oc\u00e9anographique fondation albert I: Prince de monaco","author":"C. Carpine","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref060","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00c9quilibre des esp\u00e8ces dans les populations de n\u00e9matodes parasites du colon des tortues terrestres","volume":"39","author":"AJ Petter","year":"1966","journal-title":"M\u00e9m Mus Natl Hist Nat, S\u00e9r A Zool"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref061","first-page":"269","article-title":"Nematodos par\u00e1sitos de la tortuga mora, Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 (Reptilia: Testudinidae) en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"48","author":"V Roca","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Iber Parasitol (1941)"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845935726.0000","volume-title":"Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates: Archival volume","author":"RC Anderson","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3253.1.2","article-title":"A new feather mite species of the genus Proctophyllodes Robin, 1877 (Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae) from the Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus (Passeriformes: Aegithalidae)\u2014morphological description with DNA barcode data","volume":"3253","author":"SV Mironov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"39","key":"pone.0270032.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15758","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314445110","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments","volume":"110","author":"J Dabney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl938","article-title":"Power and limitations of the chloroplast trn L (UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding","volume":"35","author":"P Taberlet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12366","article-title":"Molecular detection of invertebrate prey in vertebrate diets: trophic ecology of Caribbean island lizards","volume":"15","author":"TR Kartzinel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0270032.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr732","article-title":"ecoPrimers: inference of new DNA barcode markers from whole genome sequence analysis","volume":"39","author":"T Riaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270032.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9120599","article-title":"What is the giant wall gecko having for dinner? Conservation genetics for guiding reserve management in Cabo Verde","volume":"9","author":"CJ Pinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref069","unstructured":"Illumina. 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation. 2013. https:\/\/www.illumina.com\/\u2026\/16s-metagenomic-library-prep-guide-15044223-b.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref070","unstructured":"Arechavaleta M, Zurita N, Marrero M, Mart\u00edn J. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres) Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Ordenaci\u00f3n, Gobierno de Canarias; 2005."},{"issue":"5452","key":"pone.0270032.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2014threats to biodiversity and human health","volume":"287","author":"P Daszak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref072","volume-title":"Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine","author":"RE Miller","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref073","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Advances in the study of behavior","author":"R Poulin","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270032.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1645\/13-264.1","article-title":"Helminths infection patterns in a lizard (Tropidurus hispidus) population from a semiarid neotropical area: associations between female reproductive allocation and parasite loads","volume":"100","author":"CAB Galdino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270032.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-007-0453-1","article-title":"The impact of nematode parasites on the behaviour of an Australian lizard, the gidgee skink Egernia stokesii","volume":"23","author":"AL Fenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0807","article-title":"Parasites influence social rank and morphology, but not mate choice, in female red junglefowl, Gallus gallus","volume":"56","author":"M Zuk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref077","first-page":"105","article-title":"Diet and helminth parasites in the Gran Canaria giant lizard Gallotia stehlini","volume":"20","author":"MA Carretero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Esp Herp"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1163\/156853805774806160","article-title":"Helminth communities of two lizard populations (Lacertidae) from Canary Islands (Spain): Host diet-parasite relationships","volume":"26","author":"V Roca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amphib-reptil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12934","article-title":"Your infections are what you eat: How host ecology shapes the helminth parasite communities of lizards","volume":"88","author":"TLF Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref080","first-page":"101","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre las faunas endopar\u00e1sitas de reptiles y su tipo de alimentaci\u00f3n","volume":"13","author":"V. Roca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Esp Herpetol"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref081","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates","author":"AJ Petter","year":"1976"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref082","first-page":"31","article-title":"Redescription of some Thelandros and Tachygonetria spp. (Pharyngodonidae: Oxyuroidea) from the omnivorous plated lizard, Gerrhosaurus validus validus A. Smith, 1849 in South Africa","volume":"69","author":"S Hering-Hagenbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2005.03.002","article-title":"Relationship between diet and helminths in Gallotia caesaris (Sauria: Lacertidae)","volume":"108","author":"JE Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3198","article-title":"Helminth infracommunities of Gallotia caesaris caesaris and Gallotia caesaris gomerae (Sauria: Lacertidae) from the Canary Islands (Eastern Atlantic)","volume":"90","author":"JE Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14458","article-title":"Getting there and around: host range oscillations during colonization of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon","volume":"27","author":"F Jorge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12390","article-title":"Power in numbers. Drivers of high population density in insular lizards","volume":"25","author":"M Novosolov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148947","article-title":"Omnivory of an insular lizard: sources of variation in the diet of Podarcis lilfordi (Squamata, Lacertidae)","volume":"11","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Cembranos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270032.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-009-0730-9","article-title":"Network structure and parasite transmission in a group living lizard, the gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii","volume":"63","author":"SS Godfrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-019-00423-8","article-title":"Factors affecting the spread of parasites in populations of wild European terrestrial mammals","volume":"64","author":"M. Ko\u0142odziej-Soboci\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mammal Res"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"pone.0270032.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356621","article-title":"From set menu to a la carte. Linking issues in trophic ecology of Mediterranean lacertids","volume":"71","author":"MA Carretero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ital J Zool"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03244.x","article-title":"Some remarks on herbivorous lizards","volume":"16","author":"H. Szarski","year":"1962","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270032.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00815502","article-title":"Die \u00f6kologische Spezialisierung der Eidechse Cryptoblepharus boutoni cognatus (Boettger) auf das Leben in der Gezeitenzone (Reptilia, Skinkidae)","volume":"5","author":"HW Fricke","year":"1970","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270032.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083152","article-title":"From puffins to plankton: A DNA-based analysis of a seabird food chain in the northern Gulf of Maine","volume":"8","author":"AK Bowser","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270032.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5105","article-title":"Intricate trophic links between threatened vertebrates confined to a small island in the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"9","author":"RJ Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref095","first-page":"9","article-title":"Density of the tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae) and its role as nest predator at Anchieta Island, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"RS Bovendorp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neotrop Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref096","first-page":"206","volume-title":"The Natural History of the Desertas Islands\u2014Santa Luzia, Branco e Raso","author":"CJ Hazevoet","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref097","volume-title":"The birds of the Cape Verde Islands","author":"CJ Hazevoet","year":"1995"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0270032.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803573115","article-title":"Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey","volume":"115","author":"FV Seersholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8084","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8084","article-title":"Questioning the proverb \u2018more haste, less speed\u2019: classic versus metabarcoding approaches for the diet study of a remote island endemic gecko","volume":"8","author":"V Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref100","first-page":"178","volume-title":"The Natural History of the Desertas Islands\u2014Santa Luzia","author":"LMP Cer\u00edaco","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270032.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/219938","article-title":"Epidemics, Famines, and Population in the Cape Verde Islands, 1580\u20131900","volume":"21","author":"KD Patterson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Afr Hist Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55782-8","article-title":"Survival of a long-lived single island endemic, the Raso lark Alauda razae, in relation to age, fluctuating population and rainfall","volume":"9","author":"EG Dierickx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sulla oviparitadel Macroscincus coctaei Dum. c Bibr","volume":"6","author":"M. Peracca","year":"1891","journal-title":"Boll Mus Zool Anat comp R Univ Torino"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270032.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12362","article-title":"Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks","volume":"25","author":"A Traveset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12762","article-title":"Dietary niche variation and its relationship to lizard population density","volume":"87","author":"M Novosolov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"issue":"7459","key":"pone.0270032.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12277","article-title":"High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks","volume":"499","author":"T S\u00e4terberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0270032.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2016.11.005","article-title":"The beauty and the beast: endemic mutualistic interactions promote community-based conservation on Socotra Island (Yemen)","volume":"35","author":"C Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nat Conserv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270032.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.2698","article-title":"Multiproxy diet analysis of the last meal of an early Holocene Yakutian bison","volume":"29","author":"BV Geel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Quat Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270032.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040025","article-title":"High-resolution coproecology: Using coprolites to reconstruct the habits and habitats of New Zealand\u2019s extinct upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus)","volume":"7","author":"JR Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270032.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13101","article-title":"Ancient mitochondrial genomes reveal the demographic history and phylogeography of the extinct, enigmatic thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)","volume":"45","author":"LC White","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T17:27:09Z","timestamp":1657128429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270032"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Joger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}}}