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In this study, we investigated the contrasting phytoplankton-zooplankton distributions in relation to wind mixing events in waters around a biodiversity-rich island (Runde) located off the western coast of Norway. We used adaptive sampling from AUV and shipboard profiles of <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic> phytoplankton photo-physiology and particle identification (copepods, fecal pellets and the dinoflagellate <jats:italic>Tripos<\/jats:italic> spp.) and quantification using optical and imaging sensors. Additionally, traditional seawater and net sampling were collected for nutrient and <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic> chlorophyll <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> concentrations and phytoplankton and meso-zooplankton abundances. Persistent strong wind conditions (~5 days) disrupted the stratification in offshore regions, while stratification and a subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) were observed above the base of the mixed layer depth (MLD ~30 m) in inshore waters. Contrasting phytoplankton and zooplankton abundances were observed between inshore (with the presence of a SCM) and offshore waters (without the presence of a SCM). At the SCM, phytoplankton abundances (<jats:italic>Tripos<\/jats:italic> spp., the diatom <jats:italic>Proboscia alata<\/jats:italic> and other flagellates) were half (average of 200 cell L<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) of those observed offshore. On the contrary, meso-zooplankton counts were ~6\u00d7 higher (732 ind m<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup> for <jats:italic>Calanus<\/jats:italic> spp.) inshore (where a SCM was observed) compared to offshore areas. In parallel, fecal pellets and ammonium concentrations were high (&gt;1000 ind m<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup> for the upper 20 m) at the SCM, suggesting that the shallow mixed layer might have increased encounter rates and promoted strong grazing pressure. Low nutrient concentrations (&lt; 1\u03bcM for nitrate) were found below the MLD (60 m) in offshore waters, suggesting that mixing and nutrient availability likely boosted phytoplankton abundances. The size of the absorption cross-section (<jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>PII<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2019<\/jats:italic>) and yield of photosystem II photochemistry under ambient light (\u03c6<jats:sub><jats:italic>PII<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2019<\/jats:italic>) changed according to depth, while the depth-related electron flow (<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>PII<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) was similar between regions, suggesting a high degree of community plasticity to changes in the light regime. Our results emphasize the importance of using multiple instrumentation, in addition to traditional seawater and net sampling for a holistic understanding of plankton distributions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T17:33:55Z","timestamp":1662485635000},"page":"e0273874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Contrasting phytoplankton-zooplankton distributions observed through autonomous platforms, in-situ optical sensors and discrete sampling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4497-2536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glaucia M.","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emlyn J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trygve O.","family":"Fossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny E.","family":"Ullgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-2314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanna","family":"Majaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Aberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-9245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Ludvigsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0273874.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0084","article-title":"The logic of ecological patchiness","volume":"2","author":"D. 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