{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:07:32Z","timestamp":1775696852420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education","award":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Uppsala Region ALF"},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"},{"name":"European Social Fund and the Human Potential Operational Program","award":["IF\/00750\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00750\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"},{"name":"European Social Fund and the Human Potential Operational Program","award":["IF\/00750\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00750\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately 10 to 20% of pregnant women worldwide experience perinatal depression (PND), a depressive episode with onset during pregnancy or after childbirth. We performed a systematic review to identify, summarize and discuss studies on inflammatory biomarkers described in relation to PND.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Inclusion criteria defined the selection of observational studies written in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese, that evaluate analytical levels of inflammatory molecules (protein levels) in biological fluids in women, with a diagnosis of depression using ICD\/DSM diagnostic criteria or depressive symptoms assessed by standardized psychometric instruments, during pregnancy and\/or postpartum. Case reports, experimental studies, reviews, qualitative analysis, meta-analysis, gray literature or replicated data were excluded. Three electronic databases were used for search (Pubmed, Web of Science and PsychInfo) and quality assessment of selected studies were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data extraction included study design; number of subjects; obstetric information; tools and timepoints of depression and inflammatory markers assessment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>56 studies (sample size for cross-sectional and case-control studies ranging from 10 to 469; sample size for longitudinal studies ranging from 26 to 467), where the major aim was to analyze the association between depression and inflammatory biomarkers during pregnancy and postpartum period were included in this systematic review. Overall, the findings of our systematic review lend support to the hypothesis that several inflammatory markers may be associated with peripartum depressive symptoms. The associations were somewhat different looking at pregnancy compared to the delivery time-point and postpartum, and mainly referred to increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, CRP and TNF-\u03b1 among depressed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In summary, our systematic review findings provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that several inflammatory markers may correlate with peripartum depressive symptoms. However, our work also highlighted notable differences in the timing of biological sampling for inflammatory markers and in the methodologies used to assess depression during the perinatal period. Additionally, variations were observed in how inflammatory biomarkers and depression were approached, including their classification as exposure or outcome variables, and the timing of assessments. It is essential for future research to investigate the influence of biological fluids and the timing of assessments for both inflammatory biomarkers and depression to gain a deeper understanding of their association. This comprehensive exploration is pivotal for elucidating the intricate relationship between inflammation and perinatal depression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T19:39:46Z","timestamp":1717184386000},"page":"e0280612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Inflammatory biomarkers and perinatal depression: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-7815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anabela","family":"Silva-Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-2670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-3566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margarida","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Caparros-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Fransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-7532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alkistis","family":"Skalkidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0280612.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.07.008","article-title":"CSF and plasma cytokines at delivery and postpartum mood disturbances","volume":"115","author":"F Boufidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0280612.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21967","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and immune markers of maternal stress during pregnancy and infant cognitive development","volume":"62","author":"S Nazzari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental psychobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280612.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytokines and tryptophan metabolites can predict depressive symptoms in pregnancy.","volume":"12","author":"Q Sha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0280612.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2015-1899","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and depressive symptoms during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period: a longitudinal study","volume":"38","author":"W Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280612.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa","volume":"98","author":"R. 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