{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T22:44:27Z","timestamp":1775947467333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","award":["UID04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID04045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institutional developing project of Brno University of Technology","award":["RP 902025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP 902025009"]}]},{"name":"French National Agency of Research","award":["ANR-19-STHP-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-STHP-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate the intra- and inter-individual variability in arm-leg coordination during the underwater phase of the turn segment in 200 m breaststroke. Thirteen male swimmers were recruited and performed a 200 m breaststroke in a pre-calibrated 25 m pool. Sub-phases during the underwater segment were obtained using a notational analysis, and the mean velocity, displacement and duration during each sub-phase were obtained. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed using the analysed variables in all phases to identify inter-individual variability and random intra-individual variability. In addition, a linear mixed model (LMM: lap as a fixed effect and the participant as a random effect) was conducted to investigate systematic intra-individual variability. HCA identified three coordination patterns that were distinguished by the timing of the dolphin kick relative to the arm pull-out and the duration of the glide with arms at the side. All swimmers except one performed the arm pull-out after the dolphin kick. Nine swimmers maintained one coordination pattern, but other swimmers switched their coordination during the trial, particularly by shortening the duration of the glide with arms at the side. LMM showed a linear decrease (from the first to the last turn) in the time gap between the end of the dolphin kick and the start of the arm pull-out (a glide with the streamlined body position; F = 9.64, p = 0.034) and the glide duration with the arms at the side (F = 11.66, p = 0.015). In conclusion, both inter- and intra-individual variabilities during the underwater phase were evident in 200 m breaststroke turns, which were categorised into three patterns based on the timing of the dolphin kick and the duration of glides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T17:30:45Z","timestamp":1679419845000},"page":"e0283234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intra- and inter-individual variability in the underwater pull-out technique in 200 m breaststroke turns"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-5167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Gonjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-2269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Harald","family":"Olstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-4568","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160\u0165astn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0283234.ref001","first-page":"65","article-title":"Inter-limb coordination and constraints in swimming: A review.","author":"L Seifert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physical Activity and Children: New Research: Nova Science Publishers Inc"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref002","first-page":"72","article-title":"Motor coordination during the underwater undulatory swimming phase of the strat for high level swimmers.","author":"M Elipot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming XI."},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8855","article-title":"A new index of coordination for the crawl: description and usefulness.","volume":"21","author":"D Chollet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2003.10609083","article-title":"Analysis of stroke organisation in the backstroke as a function of skill","volume":"74","author":"R Lerda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865658","article-title":"Arm to leg coordination in elite butterfly swimmers.","volume":"27","author":"D Chollet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0283234.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830492","article-title":"Arm-leg coordination in flat breaststroke: a comparative study between elite and non-elite swimmers.","volume":"26","author":"H Leblanc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.08.017","article-title":"Body movement distribution with respect to swimmer\u2019s glide position in human underwater undulatory swimming.","volume":"38","author":"S Hochstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref008","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Aquatics competition regulations"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref009","article-title":"Optimal timing of dolphin kick during breaststroke underwater swimming movement","author":"Y Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics"},{"key":"pone.0283234.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5226\/jabmech.1.11","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of human swimming","volume":"1","author":"M. 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