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However, the chronological and cultural contexts of these remains have not been yet exhaustively analysed. To address this gap of research, previous and unpublished assemblages have been reviewed and analysed through an analytical set of methods: biometry, radiocarbon dates and integrating the remains of rye in the broad archaeobotanical record of the region. Results show the earliest macroremains of rye in the Iberian Peninsula date to a period between the 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>century and the first half of the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>century BCE. Rye was usually found in assemblages dominated by spelt and other cereals, in whose fields it was likely acting as a weed. There is no record of rye for about the two following centuries, after which it is probably reintroduced, now as a crop. It is found in several sites from the 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>-4<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>centuries CE onwards, suggesting it is a staple crop as in other regions in Europe. Significant differences in grain size are only recorded in a 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>-11<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>century settlement, suggesting few changes in grain morphometry before Medieval times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T17:26:28Z","timestamp":1683739588000},"page":"e0284222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-8457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Seabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8997-1425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Teira-Bri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-D\u00f3riga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rubim","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0871-8255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Tereso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284222.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191554","article-title":"The history of rye cultivation in Europe","volume":"1","author":"KE Behre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"pone.0284222.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199549061.001.0001","volume-title":"Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean basin","author":"D Zohary","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284222.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers373","article-title":"On the lost crops of the Neolithic Near East","volume":"64","author":"S Abbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"pone.0284222.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00089.x","article-title":"On the origin of cultivated rye","volume":"13","author":"HA Sencer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"key":"pone.0284222.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01517.x","article-title":"A taxonomic revision of Secale (Triticeae, Poaceae)","volume":"18","author":"S Frederiksen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nord J Bot"},{"key":"pone.0284222.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0710-y","article-title":"Geographical distribution of genetic diversity in Secale landrace and wild accessions","volume":"16","author":"J Hagenblad","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284222.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.12.015","article-title":"Population genomic analysis reveals domestication of cultivated rye from weedy rye","volume":"15","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Plant"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284222.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1191\/095968301678302823","article-title":"New evidence of Late Glacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureryra on the Euphrates","volume":"11","author":"G Hillman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"pone.0284222.ref009","first-page":"113","volume-title":"The Dawn of Farming in the Near East. 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