{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:19:47Z","timestamp":1776500387198,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003065","name":"Universit\u00e4t Wien","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Contextual factors are essential for understanding long-term adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study investigated changes in mental health outcomes and subjective pandemic-related experiences over time and across countries. The main objective was to explore how psychological responses vary in relation to individual and environmental factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The sample consisted of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1070 participants from the general population of Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Greece, and Portugal. We applied a longitudinal mixed-methods approach, with baseline assessment in summer and autumn 2020 (T1) and follow-up assessment 12 months later (T2). Qualitative content analysis by Mayring was used to analyse open-ended questions about stressful events, positive and negative aspects of the pandemic, and recommendations on how to cope. Mental health outcomes were assessed with the Adjustment Disorder\u2013New Module 8 (ADNM-8), the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), and the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5). The analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics Version 26 and MAXQDA 2022.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mental health outcomes significantly differed over time and across countries, with e.g. Greek participants showing decrease in adjustment disorder symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .007) between T1 and T2. Compared with other countries, we found better mental health outcomes in the Austrian and the Croatian sample at both timepoints (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Regarding qualitative data, some themes were equally represented at both timepoints (e.g. <jats:italic>Restrictions and changes in daily life<\/jats:italic>), while others were more prominent at T1 (e.g. <jats:italic>Work and finances<\/jats:italic>) or T2 (e.g. <jats:italic>Vaccination issues<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings indicate that people\u2019s reactions to the pandemic are largely shaped by the shifting context of the pandemic, country-specific factors, and individual characteristics and circumstances. Resource-oriented interventions focusing on psychological flexibility might promote resilience and mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and other global crises.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T18:11:57Z","timestamp":1682446317000},"page":"e0285078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological responses from a subjective perspective\u2013A longitudinal mixed-methods study across five European countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-7234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irina","family":"Zrni\u0107 Novakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-360X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dean","family":"Ajdukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Baki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Figueiredo-Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annett","family":"Lotzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xenia","family":"Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chrysanthi","family":"Lioupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jana Darejan","family":"Javakhishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Tsiskarishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0784-8437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Lueger-Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0285078.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2020","journal-title":"WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref002","article-title":"The global evolution of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","author":"JM C\u00e9nat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.098","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020","volume":"296","author":"E Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref005","article-title":"Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2013First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST Study.","author":"A Lotzin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03903-5","article-title":"PTSD is not the emblematic disorder of the COVID-19 pandemic; adjustment disorder is.","volume":"22","author":"A Brunet","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2022.2064415","article-title":"One Year of COVID-19 in Spain, Longitudinal Study on Mental and Physical Health.","author":"EG Fern\u00e1ndez-Abascal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Med."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref008","article-title":"More than a year of pandemic: Longitudinal assessment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the argentine general population during the COVID-19 outbreak.","author":"MV Del-Valle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864","article-title":"The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: A critical review across waves.","volume":"55","author":"M Manchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03623319.2022.2028255","article-title":"Women\u2019s well-being and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: A longitudinal mixed-methods approach.","author":"JM Vaterlaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Social Science Journal"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.067","article-title":"The trajectories of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the protective role of psychological flexibility: A four-wave longitudinal study","volume":"307","author":"G Landi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref012","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression, anxiety, loneliness, and satisfaction in the German general population: a longitudinal analysis.","author":"N Hettich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref013","article-title":"Mental Health and Well-Being Trends Through the First Year-and-a-Half of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the USA.","author":"S Graupensperger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.02.005","article-title":"Trajectories of depression, anxiety and stress among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern Switzerland: the Corona Immunitas Ticino cohort study.","volume":"206","author":"G Piumatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110219","article-title":"Mental health consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. A longitudinal study of the alarm situation and return to the new normality","volume":"107","author":"C Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanguino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref016","article-title":"Changes in Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Representative Sample of Young Adults from Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia: A Longitudinal Study.","author":"D Ochnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114705","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological health in a sample of Italian adults: A three-wave longitudinal study.","volume":"315","author":"G Fioravanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref018","article-title":"Two Years of COVID-19 in Austria-Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Mental Health Outcomes and Coping Behaviors in the General Population.","author":"B Lueger-Schuster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12090311","article-title":"Examining the Longitudinal Associations between Adjustment Disorder Symptoms and Boredom during COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"V Bambrah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-021-00648-0","article-title":"Covid-fatigued? A longitudinal study of Norwegian older adults\u2019 psychosocial well-being before and during early and later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"T Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.509521","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on personal well-being: A longitudinal study in Spanish population.","volume":"38","author":"EG Fern\u00e1ndez-Abascal","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. psicol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref022","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Five Countries: A One-Year Longitudinal Study.","author":"Di Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30482-X","article-title":"Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"8","author":"D Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.029","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven countries: Longitudinal evidence from the European COvid Survey (ECOS).","volume":"299","author":"A Hajek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref025","article-title":"The disproportionate impact of COVID\u201019 on women relative to men: A conservation of resources perspective.","author":"JA Peck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gender Work Organ"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09534-7","article-title":"Gender differences in couples\u2019 division of childcare, work and mental health during COVID-19.","volume":"19","author":"G Zamarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Econ Househ"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review.","volume":"78","author":"M Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110186","article-title":"The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria.","volume":"136","author":"C Pieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.095","article-title":"Mental and physical health among the French population before and during the first and second COVID-19 lockdowns: Latent class trajectory analyses using longitudinal data","volume":"309","author":"L Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101315","article-title":"One year on: What we have learned about the psychological effects of COVID-19 social restrictions: A meta-analysis.","volume":"46","author":"L Knox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychology."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244809","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: An international study.","volume":"15","author":"AT Gloster","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref032","author":"O Solar","year":"2010","journal-title":"A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinats of Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780832","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1780832","article-title":"Stressors, coping and symptoms of adjustment disorder in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2013study protocol of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) pan-European study.","volume":"11","author":"A Lotzin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref034","article-title":"Conservation of Resources, Psychological Distress, and Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","author":"H Egozi Farkash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref035","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coping strategies and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown.","author":"S Budimir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ment Health."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref037","first-page":"1359105321999088","article-title":"Finding the silver lining in the COVID-19 crisis.","author":"RM Kowalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref038","article-title":"The psychological response and perception of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia: Three-wave repeated cross-sectional study.","author":"A Kozina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref039","article-title":"Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective.","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.001","article-title":"Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health.","volume":"30","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref041","article-title":"Now We Are All in the Same Boat. At the Same Time, We Are Not.\u201d Meaning-Making and Coping Under COVID-19 Lockdown in Norway","author":"EM Sandbakken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hu Arenas"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","article-title":"Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices.","volume":"48","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000484415","article-title":"A Brief Measure of the International Classification of Diseases-11 Adjustment Disorder: Investigation of Psychometric Properties in an Adult Help-Seeking Sample.","volume":"51","author":"E Kazlauskas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.011","article-title":"Screening of adjustment disorder: Scale based on the ICD-11 and the Adjustment Disorder New Module","volume":"103","author":"M Ben-Ezra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref045","article-title":"The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5).","author":"A Prins","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2036733","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36733","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy and Acceptability of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) Among US Veterans.","volume":"4","author":"MJ Bovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006","article-title":"Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2).","volume":"58","author":"B L\u00f6we","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref049","article-title":"WHO (Five) Well-Being Index.","author":"WHO","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hillerod, Denmark"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","article-title":"The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"84","author":"CW Topp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-14","article-title":"Developing longitudinal qualitative designs: lessons learned and recommendations for health services research.","volume":"13","author":"L Calman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2021.100030","article-title":"Experiences of cancer care during COVID-19: Phase 1 results of a longitudinal qualitative study.","volume":"3","author":"A Drury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295996","article-title":"Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages","volume":"12","author":"Q. McNemar","year":"1947","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289261","article-title":"Note on the correction for continuity in testing the significance of the difference between correlated proportions.","volume":"13","author":"AL Edwards","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref055","author":"A. Field","year":"2009","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref056","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2019","journal-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref057","volume-title":"Grundlagen und Techniken","author":"P. Mayring","year":"2010","edition":"11"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref058","article-title":"Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution.","author":"P. Mayring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Klagenfurt"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410364740","article-title":"Using Numbers in Qualitative Research.","volume":"16","author":"JA Maxwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Inq."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12408","article-title":"Reporting quantitative information in qualitative research: guidance for authors and reviewers.","volume":"109","author":"J Neale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref061","author":"VERBI Software","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAXQDA 2022"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065431","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2065431","article-title":"You can\u2019t do anything about it, but you can make the best of it: a qualitative analysis of pandemic-related experiences in six European countries.","volume":"13","author":"I Zrni\u0107 Novakovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1954-1","article-title":"Analyzing longitudinal qualitative data: the application of trajectory and recurrent cross-sectional approaches.","volume":"9","author":"D Grossoehme","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref064","article-title":"Longitudinal Qualitative Methods in Health Behavior and Nursing Research: Assumptions, Design, Analysis and Lessons Learned.","author":"EL Tuthill","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2019.1669927","article-title":"Comparing \u2018deep\u2019 insider knowledge: developing analytical strategies for cross-national qualitative studies.","volume":"23","author":"M Wendt","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref066","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sprachlich-kulturelle Herausforderungen bei der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse musikbiografischer Interviews mit chinesischen und schweizerischen Musikstudierenden.","volume":"20","author":"A Kull","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung \/ Forum: Qualitative Social Research."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00701-8","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of parents with young children: a qualitative interview study.","volume":"9","author":"J Dawes","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111308","article-title":"Differences in psychiatric symptoms between the UK and Greece prior to and during COVID-19: The roles of subclinical narcissism and mental toughness.","volume":"185","author":"TE Truhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.024","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between narcissism, mental toughness and school achievement.","volume":"131","author":"KA Papageorgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00554-x","article-title":"Does Gratitude Promote Resilience During a Pandemic? An Examination of Mental Health and Positivity at the Onset of COVID-19.","volume":"23","author":"SA Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2021.12.003","article-title":"ACTing towards better living during COVID-19: The effects of Acceptance and Commitment therapy for individuals affected by COVID-19.","volume":"23","author":"K Shepherd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.565634","article-title":"Psychological variables related to adaptation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain.","volume":"11","author":"F Morales-Vives","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref073","author":"World Bank","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Comparison Program: GDP per captita, PPP."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref074","first-page":"193","article-title":"Mental health issues and psychological crisis interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic and earthquakes in Croatia.","volume":"56","author":"V Peitl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatry Research: An International Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604218","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604218","article-title":"How do European Mature Adults and Elderly Perceive SARS-COV-2 and Associated Control Measures? A Cross-Country Analysis of Mental Health Symptoms in June and July 2020.","volume":"67","author":"J Perelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048172","article-title":"Public acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines: cross-national evidence on levels and individual-level predictors using observational data","volume":"11","author":"MF Lindholt","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S417","DOI":"10.1080\/14616696.2020.1828975","article-title":"Cross-country differences in anxiety and behavioral response to the Covid-19 pandemic.","volume":"23","author":"Z. Buyukkececi","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Societies"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13350","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and perception of risk during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-country comparative survey.","volume":"43","author":"M Terraneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815283","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1815283","article-title":"Can a \u2019second disaster\u2019 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic be mitigated?","volume":"11","author":"BPR Gersons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012","article-title":"Grief During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Palliative Care Providers.","volume":"60","author":"CL Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004364","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04364-2020","article-title":"The high mental health burden of \"Long COVID\" and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital.","volume":"57","author":"SB Naidu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.054","article-title":"Association among income loss, financial strain and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: Evidence from two longitudinal studies","volume":"291","author":"N Hertz-Palmor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref083","author":"EL Yeyati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social and economic impact of COVID-19"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence.","volume":"15","author":"RG Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.040","article-title":"Does perceived post-traumatic growth predict better psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic? Results from a national longitudinal survey in the USA","volume":"146","author":"CL Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9453","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189453","article-title":"Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma.","volume":"18","author":"GL Finstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref087","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with posttraumatic growth: gratitude, PTSD and distress; one year into the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon.","author":"M El Khoury-Malhame","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.555","article-title":"Predictors of mental health deterioration from pre- to post-COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"8","author":"N Rius Ottenheim","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000241X","article-title":"Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study.","volume":"52","author":"L Shanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"pone.0285078.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000012460836","article-title":"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change.","volume":"40","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T18:12:50Z","timestamp":1682446370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285078"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ahorsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}