{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:20:09Z","timestamp":1747196409138,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["PD\/BD\/128278\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128278\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthracological analyses of charcoal samples retrieved from Pit 16 of Perdig\u00f5es (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal), a secondary deposition of cremated human remains dated back to the middle of the 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>millennium BC, enabled the identification of 7 different<jats:italic>taxa<\/jats:italic>:<jats:italic>Olea europaea<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Quercus<\/jats:italic>spp. (evergreen),<jats:italic>Pinus pinaster<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Fraxinus<\/jats:italic>cf.<jats:italic>angustifolia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Arbutus unedo<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Cistus<\/jats:italic>sp. and Fabaceae. All<jats:italic>taxa<\/jats:italic>are characteristic of both deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean vegetation, and this data might indicate that the gathering of woods employed for the human cremation\/s occurred either on site, or in its vicinity. However, considering both the large distribution of the identified<jats:italic>taxa<\/jats:italic>and data about human mobility, it is not possible to conclusively determine the origin of the wood used in the cremation(s). Chemometric analysis were carried out to estimate the absolute burning temperature of woods employed for the human cremation\/s. An in-lab charcoal reference collection was created by burning sound wood samples of the three main<jats:italic>taxa<\/jats:italic>identified from Pit 16,<jats:italic>Olea europaea<\/jats:italic>var.<jats:italic>sylvestris<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Quercus suber<\/jats:italic>(evergreen type) and<jats:italic>Pinus pinaster<\/jats:italic>, at temperatures between 350 and 600 \u00b0C. The archaeological charcoal samples and the charcoal reference collection were chemically characterized by using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in the 1800\u2013400 cm<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>range, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression method was used to build calibration models to predict the absolute combustion temperature of the archaeological woods. Results showed successful PLS forecasting of burn temperature for each<jats:italic>taxon<\/jats:italic>(significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) cross validation coefficients). The anthracological and chemometric analysis evidenced differences between the<jats:italic>taxa<\/jats:italic>coming from the two stratigraphic units within the Pit, SUs 72 and 74, suggesting that they may come from two different pyres or two different depositional moments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T17:34:07Z","timestamp":1688751247000},"page":"e0287531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anthracological study of a Chalcolithic funerary deposit from Perdig\u00f5es (Alentejo, Portugal): A new analytical methodology to establish the wood burning temperature"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5788-8616","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Coradeschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicasio T.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Morillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina Barrocas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-3824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anabela D. F.","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arturo J. P.","family":"Granged","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287531.ref001","unstructured":"Evangelista LS, Valera AC. Segmenting and depositing: the manipulation of human body in ditched enclosures seen from Perdig\u00f5es. NIA. In: Valera AC, editor. Fragmentation and Depositions in pre and proto-historic Portugal. NIA. Lisbon; 2019. pp. 47\u201370."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref002","unstructured":"Valera AC, Silva AM, Cunha C, Evangelista LS. Funeray practices and body manipulation at Neolitich and Calcholithic Perdig\u00f5es ditched enclosures (South Portugal). Recent Prehistoric Enclosures and Funerary Practices in Europe Proceedings of the International Meeting Edited by. 2014. pp. 37\u201358."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref003","unstructured":"Valera AC. O Sepulcro 4 dos Perdig\u00f5es. Um Tholos da segunda metade do 3\u00b0 mil\u00e9nio AC. Perdig\u00f5es Monogr\u00e1fica 2 Lisboa, NIA-ERA. 2020;2."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref004","first-page":"29","article-title":"Ossos humanos provenientes dos fossos 3 e 4 e gest\u00e3o da morte nos perdig\u00f5es","volume":"6","author":"AC Valera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apontamentos Arqueol e Patrim\u00f3nio"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2768","article-title":"The preburning condition of Chalcolithic cremated human remains from the Perdig\u00f5es enclosures (Portugal)","volume":"29","author":"RM Godinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref006","unstructured":"Weiss-Krejci E. Formation processes of deposits with burned humanremains in Neolithic and Chalcolithic Portugal. ournal Iber Archaeol. 2005; 37\u201373."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref007","unstructured":"Valera, AM. Bartelheim, P. Bueno Ramirez & MKC. The \u201cexogenous\u201d at Perdig\u00f5es: Approaching interaction in the late 4th and 3rd Millennium BC in Southwest lberia. In: M. Bartelheim, P. Bueno Ramirez & MK, editor. Key resources and sociocultural developments in the Iberian chalcolithic. Tubingen: T\u00fcbingen Library Publishing; 2017. pp. 201\u2013224."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref008","unstructured":"Evangelista LS. Resting in Peace or in Pieces? Tomb I and Death Management in the 3rd Millennium BC at the Perdig\u00f5es Enclosure (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal). Resting Peace or Pieces? Tomb I Death Manag 3rd Millenn BC Perdig\u00f5es Enclos (Reguengos Monsaraz, Port. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref009","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Enclosing the Neolithic Recent studies in Britain and Europe. BAR Intern","author":"AC Valera","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref010","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Funerary Practices in the Iberian Peninsula from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic Edited by BAR International Series 2417. BAR Intern","author":"AC Valera","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref011","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Animais na Pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ria e Arqueologia da Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica IV Congresso de Arqueologia Peninsular","author":"E. Weiss-Krejci","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref012","unstructured":"Duarte C, Evangelista L, Lago M, Valente MJ, Valera A. Animal remains in Chalcolithic funerary context in Portugal. The case of Pedrig\u014des (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Alentejo). Animais na Pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ria e Arqueol da Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica IV Congr Arqueol Penins. 2004; 47\u201355."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref013","first-page":"81","article-title":"Among the dead. Late neolithic engraved slate plaques from the southweastern Iberian Peninsula","volume":"21","author":"D Garc\u00eda Rivero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estud Arqueol oeiras"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref014","first-page":"55","article-title":"Portuguese populations of late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods exhumed from collective burials: An overview","volume":"41","author":"AM Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref015","unstructured":"Silva AM. Antropologia funer\u00e1ria e Paleobiologia das Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Portuguesas (Litorais) do Neol\u00edtico Final\/Calcol\u00edtico. Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian, editor. Lisboa; 2012."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref016","unstructured":"Weiss-Krejci E. Changing Perspectives on Mortuary Practices in Late Neolithic \/ Copper Age and Early Bronze Age Iberia. Oxbow Book. In: Lillios K, editor. Comparative Archaeologies The American Southwest (AD 900\u20131600) and the Iberian Peninsula (3000\u20131500 BC). Oxbow Book. Oxford; 2011. pp. 153\u2013174."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref017","first-page":"183","article-title":"Funerary practices and anthropology during middle-late Neolitich (4th and 3rd millennia BCE) in portugal: old bones, new insights","volume":"LII","author":"R Boaventura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anthropologie"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref018","unstructured":"Caba\u00e7o N. Restos faun\u00edsticos em contexto funer\u00e1rio nos Perdig\u00f5es, Reguengos de Monsaraz (Sepulcros 1 e 2). Arqueologica, Jia 2011 IV jornadas de jovens em Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o. 2011. p. 267."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref019","first-page":"59","article-title":"Estudio de restos humanos procedentes del Dolmen de Ca\u00f1ada Real depositados en el Departamento de Anatom\u00eda y Embriolog\u00eda Humanas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Sevilla","volume":"14","author":"R Cabrero Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spal Rev Prehist y Arqueol la Univ Sevilla"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref020","first-page":"295","article-title":"Sacrificio de animales y ritual en el Polideportivo de Martos-La Alberquilla (Martos, Ja\u00e9n)","volume":"20","author":"JA C\u00e1mara Serrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cuad Prehist y Arqueol la Univ Granada"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref021","first-page":"253","article-title":"Artefacts Produced in Rare Rocks from Funerary Contexts of the 4th-2nd Millenia Cal BCE in Southern Spain: A Review","volume":"1","author":"M Costa Caram\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menga J Prehistory Andalusia"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref022","first-page":"75","article-title":"The lithic hoard of hypogeum of colos (abrantes, middle tagus valley-Portugal): Shadows of rituals","volume":"16","author":"A Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediterr Archaeol Archaeom"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref023","unstructured":"D\u00edas-Zorita M, Eleazer Costa M, Garcia Sanjuan L. Funerary practices and demography from the mesolithic to the copper age in southern spain. BAR Intern. Funerary Practices in the Iberian Peninsula from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic. BAR Intern. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2012. pp. 51\u201365."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diogo Monteiro PA, Cascalheira J, Marreiros JM, Pereira T, Ferreira Bicho N. Fire as a Component of Mesolithic Funerary Rituals: Charcoal analyses from a burial in Cabe\u00e7o da Amoreira (Muge, Portugal). Wild things Recent Adv Palaeolithic Mesolith Res. 2015; 126\u2013132.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvh1dhm5.14"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.05.011","article-title":"The use of wood in funerary pyres: Random gathering or special selection of species? Case study of three necropolises from Poland","volume":"39","author":"M. Moskal-del Hoyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref026","first-page":"247","volume-title":"The Neolithic and Bronze Age Monument Complex, Thames Valley Landscape","author":"GB Thomson","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7203\/SAGVNTVM.45.2329","article-title":"Cueva Maturras (Ciudad Real, Espa\u00f1a): El papel del fuego en un contexto funerario del III milenio A.C","volume":"45","author":"P. Vidal Matutano","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAGVNTVM Papeles del Lab Arqueol Val"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref028","unstructured":"Gale R. Charcoal from the cemetery. In: Finn. N., editor. Bronze Age Ceremonial Enclosures and Cremation Cemetery at Eye Kettleby, Leicestershire: The Development of a Prehistoric Landscape. Leicester Archaeology Monograph; 2011."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref029","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnel L. People and woodlands: an investigation of charcoal remains as indicators of cultural selection and local environment in Bronze Age Ireland. In: BADAL, E., CARRI\u00d3N, Y., GRAU, E., MAC\u00cdAS, M., NTINOU M, editor. 5th International Meeting of Charcoal Analysis: Charcoal as Cultural and Biological Heritage Sagvntvm extra 11. 2011. pp. 97\u201398."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2015.11.009","article-title":"The power of the pyre\u2014A holistic study of cremation focusing on charcoal remains","volume":"65","author":"L. O\u2019Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref031","first-page":"311","article-title":"Il combustibile neue cremazioni dell\u2019italia nordorientale","volume":"139","author":"E Castiglioni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull la Soc Bot Fr Actual Bot"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-007-0102-1","article-title":"The Roman cemeteries of Tienen and Tongeren: results from the archaeobotanical analysis of the cremation graves","volume":"17","author":"B. Cooremans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref033","unstructured":"Coubray S. Combustibles, modes op\u00e9ratoires des b\u00fbchers et rituels. L \u2018 analyse anthracologique. In: W. Van Andringa, H. Duday, S. Lepetz. \" Mourir \u00e0 Pomp\u00e9i: fouille d \u2018 un quartier fun\u00e9raire de la n\u2026 Collection. In: Andringa V, Duday H, Lepetz S, editors. Mourir \u00e0 Pompe\u00ed: fouille d\u2019um quartier fun\u00e9raire de la n\u00e9cropole romaine de Porta Nocera (2003\u20132007). Collection. Rome; 2013. pp. 1433\u20131449."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref034","first-page":"193","article-title":"Firewood selection in Roman cremation rituals in Northern Gaul:ritual, functional or opportunistic?","volume":"11","author":"K Deforce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saguntum Papeles del Lab Arqueol Val"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.12.024","article-title":"Ashes to ashes. Fuelwood selection in Roman cremation rituals in northern Gaul","volume":"39","author":"K Deforce","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref036","first-page":"67","article-title":"La Sepoltura Romana rinvenuta in localit\u00e0 Lanz (Cloz, Val di Non)","volume":"1","author":"L Endrizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"AdA Archeol delle Alpi"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref037","article-title":"Considerations on the nature and origin of wood-fuel from gallo-roman cremations, in the Languedoc region (southern France). R\u00e9flexions sur la nature et l\u2019origine des bois utilis\u00e9es dans la cr\u00e9mation gallo-romaine, en Languedoc (Sud de la France)","volume":"21","author":"V Bel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quaternaire"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Cuenca E, Hierro-G\u00e1rate J\u00c1, L. L\u00f3pez-D\u00f3riga I, Mart\u00edn-Seijo M. Fires in the dark. Wood and charcoal analysis of the Early Medieval funerary deposits in the cave of Riocueva (Cantabria, Spain). Estud do Quatern\u00e1rio \/ Quat Stud. 2017; 73\u201385.","DOI":"10.30893\/eq.v0i16.144"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref039","unstructured":"Aldritt D. The wood charcoal from Saltwood Tunnel (Unpublished CTRL apecialist report). Kent; 2006."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref040","first-page":"383","article-title":"Charcoal from ten early neolithic settlements in central europe and its interpretation in terms of woodland management and wildwood resources","volume":"139","author":"A. Kreuz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull la Soc Bot Fr Actual Bot"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683609350386","article-title":"Firewood collection strategies at Dutch wetland sites in the process of Neolithisation","volume":"20","author":"Out","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12985","article-title":"Towards a global assessment of pyrogenic carbon from vegetation fires","volume":"22","author":"C Sant\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0171","article-title":"Fire effects on soils: The human dimension","volume":"371","author":"C Sant\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109567","article-title":"Quantitative forecasting black (pyrogenic) carbon in soils by chemometric analysis of infrared spectra","volume":"251","author":"JM De la Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"volume-title":"Black Carbon in the Environment: Properties and Distribution. first edit","year":"1985","author":"ED Goldberg","key":"pone.0287531.ref045"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(00)00096-6","article-title":"The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments","volume":"31","author":"JI Hedges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref047","unstructured":"Asouti E. Charcoal analysis Web. Cecilia A. Wester Wood reference collection archive. http:\/\/pcwww.liv.ac.uk\/~easouti\/Cecilia%20A.%20Western%20Wood%20Reference%20Collection%20Notebook.html and http:\/\/pcwww.liv.ac.uk\/~easouti\/Cecilia%20A.%20Western.htm. 2009."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2006.07.007","article-title":"A laboratory simulation of the carbonization of sunflower achenes and seeds","volume":"78","author":"F Braadbaart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.03.016","article-title":"Morphological, chemical and physical changes during charcoalification of wood and its relevance to archaeological contexts","volume":"35","author":"F Braadbaart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0207919","article-title":"The art, science, and technology of charcoal production","volume":"42","author":"MJ Antal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2007.11.001","article-title":"Stable carbon isotope ratios from archaeological charcoal as palaeoenvironmental indicators","volume":"247","author":"G Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-005-0062-5","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of Quercus variabilis charcoal prepared at different temperatures","volume":"40","author":"NH Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wood Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2016.08.009","article-title":"Reflectance\u2014Current state of research and future directions for archaeological charcoal; Results from a pilot study on Irish Bronze Age cremation charcoals","volume":"75","author":"R Veal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref054","unstructured":"Lebon M. Caract\u00e9risation par Spectroscopie Infrarouge \u00e0 Transform\u00e9e de Fourier des ossements chauff\u00e9s en contexte arch\u00e9ologique\u2014Comparaison entre r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel moderne et mat\u00e9riel arch\u00e9ologique, Implication diag\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle. Paris. 2008."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2015.11","article-title":"Rapid quantification of bone collagen content by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"M Lebon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.07.062","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation by attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy of the chemical composition of decayed wood preserved in waterlogged conditions","volume":"131","author":"B Pizzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12016","article-title":"Exploratory analysis of the structural variability of forest soil humic acids based on multivariate processing of infrared spectral data","volume":"64","author":"AP Fern\u00e1ndez-Getino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.231","article-title":"Chemometric assessment of soil organic matter storage and quality from humic acid infrared spectra","volume":"685","author":"MA Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1179\/1461957114Y.0000000057","article-title":"Anthropomorphic Figurines at Perdig\u00f5es Enclosure: Naturalism, Body Proportion and Canonical Posture as Forms of Ideological Language","volume":"17","author":"AC Valera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Archaeol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1515\/opar-2022-0246","article-title":"Faunal Remains Associated with Human Cremations: The Chalcolithic Pits 16 and 40 from the Perdig\u00f5es Ditched Enclosures (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal)","volume":"8","author":"NJ Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Archaeol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Collective secondary cremation in a pit grave: A unique funerary context in Portuguese Chalcolithic burial practices","volume":"66","author":"AM Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37235-3","volume-title":"Atlas of Wood, Bark and Pith Anatomy of Eastern Mediterranean Trees and Shrubs","author":"A Crivellaro","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref063","unstructured":"Nardi Berti R. La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di pi\u00f9 corrente impiego (II edizione). Ivalsa. Berti S, Fioravanti M, Macchioni N, editors. 2006."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref064","unstructured":"Schweingruber EH. Anatomie europ\u00e4ischer H\u00f6lzer. Anatomy of European woods. Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart; 1990."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref065","unstructured":"Schweingruber FH. Microscopic Wood Anatomy. Swiss Federal Institute For Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; 1990."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.09.024","article-title":"Seasoned or green? Radial cracks analysis as a method for identifying the use of green wood as fuel in archaeological charcoal","volume":"39","author":"I Th\u00e9ry-Parisot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2017.03.001","article-title":"Dead wood gathering among Neanderthal groups: Charcoal evidence from Abric del Pastor and El Salt (Eastern Iberia)","volume":"80","author":"P Vidal-Matutano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref068","unstructured":"Schweingruber F, B\u00f6rner A, Ernst Detlef S. Atlas of Woody Plant Stems: Evolution, Structure and Environmental Modifications. 2006."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.10.032","article-title":"Charcoal analysis and dendrology: data from archaeological sites in north-western France","volume":"34","author":"D Marguerie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref070","article-title":"From forest to settlement: Magdalenian hunter-gatherer interactions with the wood vegetation environment based on anthracology and intra-site spatial distribution","volume":"13","author":"B Mas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2020.102231","article-title":"The meaning of Pinus sylvestris-type charcoal taphonomic markers in Palaeolithic sites in NE Iberia","volume":"30","author":"E Allu\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2019.102005","article-title":"Vitrified wood charcoal and burnt bones from the pre-Hispanic site of Chasogo (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain)","volume":"28","author":"P Vidal-Matutano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.09.005","article-title":"From Evenk campfires to prehistoric hearths: Charcoal analysis as a tool for identifying the use of rotten wood as fuel","volume":"52","author":"A Henry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.06.006","article-title":"Is vitrification in charcoal a result of high temperature burning of wood?","volume":"37","author":"LC McParland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref075","unstructured":"Humphries C., Press J., Sutton D. \u00c1rvores de Portugal e Europa. Fapas. 2005."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-005-0012-z","article-title":"On the origin and domestication of Olea europaea L. (olive) in Andaluc\u00eda, Spain, based on the biogeographical distribution of its finds","volume":"14","author":"MO Rodr\u00edguez-Ariza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(95)00013-3","article-title":"Charcoal analysis and the history of Pinus pinaster (cluster pine) in Portugal","volume":"89","author":"I. Figueiral","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-008-9439-5","article-title":"Anthracological evidence suggests naturalness of Pinus pinaster in inland southwestern Iberia","volume":"200","author":"JM Rubiales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1191\/095968300676937462","article-title":"The distribution of cluster pine (Pinuspinaster) in Spain as derived from palaeoecological data: relationships with phytosociological classification","volume":"10","author":"JS Carri\u00f3","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2010.07.002","article-title":"Iberian floras through time: Land of diversity and survival","volume":"162","author":"JS Carri\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref081","article-title":"Comparative wood anatomy in pinaceae with reference to its systematic position","volume":"12","author":"LG Esteban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban LG, Palacios P, De Heinz I, Gasson P, Garc A, Garc F, et al. Softwood Anatomy: A Review genus. 2023.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14020323"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-90000349","article-title":"IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification","volume":"25","author":"P Baas","year":"2004","journal-title":"IAWA J"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref084","unstructured":"Chabal L, Fabre L, Terral JF., Th\u00e9ry-Parisot I. La botanique. Errance (E. Collection Arch\u00e9ologiques. Errance (E. Paris: Revue arch\u00e9ologique du Centre de la France; 1999. pp. 1\u201366."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref085","article-title":"Castro marim e o seu territ\u00f3rio imediato durante a antiguidade. paleo-etno-bot\u00e2nica. relat\u00f3rio final","volume":"95","author":"PF Queiroz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trab do Cipa"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref086","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novos carv\u00f5es dos fornos romanos do Martinhal (Sagres)","volume":"17","author":"PF Queiroz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Terra Scenica"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref087","first-page":"35","article-title":"The ubiquity correction as an alternative method for the quantification of charcoal","volume":"11","author":"M. Moskal-del Hoyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saguntum Papeles del Lab Arqueol Val"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref088","unstructured":"Blanco E, Gonz\u00e1lez M, Tenorio M, Bomb\u00edn R, Ant\u00f3n M, Fuster M, et al. Los bosques ib\u00e9ricos. Una interpretaci\u00f3n geobot\u00e1nica. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta; 1997."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1139\/x93-278","article-title":"Site preparation burning to improve southern Appalachian pine\u2013hardwood stands: fire characteristics and soil erosion, moisture, and temperature","volume":"23","author":"LW Swift","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J For Res"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2007.06.006","article-title":"ParLeS: Software for chemometric analysis of spectroscopic data","volume":"90","author":"RA Viscarra Rossel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemom Intell Lab Syst"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.107023","article-title":"Pyrolysis-compound-specific hydrogen isotope analysis (\u03b42H Py-CSIA) of Mediterranean olive oils","volume":"110","author":"NT Jim\u00e9nez-Morillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.152957","article-title":"Hydrophobicity of soils affected by fires: An assessment using molecular markers from ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"817","author":"NT Jim\u00e9nez-Morillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(01)00066-7","article-title":"Characterization of chars from biomass-derived materials: Pectin chars","volume":"80","author":"RK Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(94)00192-8","article-title":"Combustion reactivity and morphological change in coal chars: Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and pressure","volume":"75","author":"HY Cai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(00)00048-8","article-title":"Changes in surface chemistry of activated carbons by wet oxidation","volume":"38","author":"C Moreno-Castilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon N Y"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.1021\/jp027482g","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of carbon materials: A quantum chemical study of model compounds","volume":"107","author":"E Fuente","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0362","article-title":"Sorptive and Desorptive Fractionation of Dissolved Organic Matter by Mineral Soil Matrices","volume":"41","author":"A Oren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref098","unstructured":"Michell A, Higgins H. Infrared Spectroscopy. Australian Forest Products research. Melbourn: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products; 2002. p. 60."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref099","unstructured":"Nakamoto K. IR Raman Spectra of Coordination Compounds. 2009."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref100","first-page":"245","article-title":"Chemical changes of heat treated pine and eucalypt wood monitored by ftir","volume":"15","author":"B Esteves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maderas Cienc y Tecnol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref101","article-title":"Natural Resin Materials-Spectral and Chromatographic Investigations","volume":"10","author":"NM \u0218tirbescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull Transilv Univ Bra\u015fov \u2022"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03","DOI":"10.5530\/bems.4.1.2","article-title":"Potential of ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy for the Classification of Natural Resins","volume":"4","author":"P Mart\u00edn-Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Eng Med Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28527-X","volume-title":"Sclerophyllous vegetation. The ecozones of the world","author":"J. Schultz","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref104","unstructured":"Agust\u00ed B., Alcalde G., Burjachs F., Bux\u00f3 R. J, Uan-Muns N., Oller J., et al. Din\u00e0mica de la utilitzaci\u00f3 de la Cova 120 per l\u2019home en els darrers 6000 anys. S\u00e8rie monogr\u00e0fica 7. Girona: Centre d\u2019Investigacions Arqueol\u00f2giques.; 1987."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref105","first-page":"18","article-title":"Neolithische Getreidefunde in der H\u00f6hle von Nerja (Prov. M\u00e1laga)","volume":"11","author":"M Hopf","year":"1970","journal-title":"Madrider Mitteilungen"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref106","unstructured":"Bux\u00f3 IR. Seeds and Fruits. Gathering and Agriculture in the Mediterranean Area of France and Spain from Neolithic to Iron Age (en). Universit\u00e1 de Montpellier 2. 1993."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref107","unstructured":"Stika H. Botanische untersuchungen in der bronzezeitlichen h\u00f6hnsiedlung Fuente Alamo. Madrieder Mitteilungen. Madrider Mitteilungen. 1988;29."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-018-0641-7","article-title":"Oak, ash and pine: the role of firewood in funerary rituals at the Roman site of Reza Vella (Ourense, Spain)","volume":"11","author":"M Mart\u00edn-Seijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref109","first-page":"610","volume-title":"Plants and People Choise and Diversity trought Time","author":"AM Hansson","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.01.006","article-title":"Impact of post-depositional processes on charcoal fragmentation and archaeobotanical implications: Experimental approach combining charcoal analysis and biomechanics","volume":"44","author":"J Chrzazvez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref111","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez MS, Dufraisse A. Correction factors on archaeological wood diameter estimation. Saguntum Papeles del Lab Arqueol Val Extra 13 Wood charcoal Evid Hum Nat Hist. 2012; 283\u2013290."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chabal L. For\u00eat et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s en Languedoc (N\u00e9olithique final, Antiquit\u00e9 final, Antiquit\u00e9 tardive). L\u2019anthracologie, m\u00e9thode et pal\u00e9o\u00e9cologie. Paris: \u00c8ditions de la Maison des Sciences de l\u2019Homme; 1997.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.editionsmsh.43380"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref113","first-page":"173","article-title":"Vest\u00edgios arqueobot\u00e2nicos do III mil\u00e9nio cal BC de Chibanes (Palmela, Set\u00fabal)","volume":"15","author":"JP Tereso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Set\u00fabal Arqueol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal","volume":"37","author":"M Moskal-del Hoyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref115","unstructured":"Gale R, Cluter D. Plants in Archaeology: Identification Manual of Vegetative Plant Materials Used in Europe and the Southern Mediterranean to c. 1500. KEW: Westbury Publications, Royal Botanic Garden; 2000."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref116","first-page":"403","article-title":"Agricultura, alimentaci\u00f3n y uso del combustible: aplicaci\u00f3n de modelos etnogr\u00e1ficos en arqueobot\u00e1nica bot\u00e2nica","volume":"3","author":"L Pe\u00f1a chocarro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Entorn\u2014Estud Patrim Cult i Medi Ambi"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref117","unstructured":"Zapata Pe\u00f1a L, Pe\u00f1a Chocarro L. Uso y gesti\u00f3n del bosque en la Euskal Herria atl\u00e1ntica: aprovechamiento tradicional de los recursos forestales en Encartaciones y Gorbea. Zainak Cuad Antropol. 2003; 155\u2013169."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2017.222","article-title":"Illuminating the cave, drawing in black: wood charcoal analysis at Chauvet-Pont d\u2019Arc","volume":"92","author":"I Th\u00e9ry-Parisot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref119","unstructured":"Segura Mungu\u00eda S, Torres Ripa J. Historia de las Plantas en el mundo antiguo. CSIC PRESS, editor. 2009."},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiral I, Fabre L, Bel V. Considerations on the nature and origin of wood\u2011fuel from gallo\u2011roman cremations in the Languedoc region (Southern France). R\u00e9flexions sur la nature et l\u2019origine des bois utilis\u00e9s dans la cr\u00e9mation gallo-romaine, en Languedoc (Sud de la France). Quaternaire. 2010; 325\u2013331.","DOI":"10.4000\/quaternaire.5670"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref121","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pollen analyysis of late neolithic ditch deposits from the perdig\u00f5es archaeological site","volume":"9","author":"R Danielson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apontamentos Arqueol e Patrim\u00f3nio"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref122","first-page":"41","article-title":"Paleoenvironmental assement of two archaeological sediment from Perdig\u00f5es, Alentejo region, Portugal","volume":"6","author":"J. Wheeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apontamentos Arqueol e Patrim\u00f3nio"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref123","first-page":"0","article-title":"Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)","volume":"2","author":"JC Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob Geobot"},{"volume-title":"The Vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula","year":"2017","author":"J. Loidi","key":"pone.0287531.ref124"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.03.033","article-title":"Diet and mobility of fauna from Late Neolithic\u2013Chalcolithic site of Perdig\u00f5es, Portugal","volume":"19","author":"I \u017dalait\u0117","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2020.102264","article-title":"Addressing human mobility in Iberian large prehistoric ditched enclosures: the case of Perdig\u00f5es (South Portugal)","volume":"30","author":"A. C Valera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9987-9_20","volume-title":"Plant Species and Plant Communities","author":"S. Pignatti","year":"1978"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson JD. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press; 2005.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198515340.001.0001"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/aoter-2017-0004","article-title":"Influence of moisture content of combusted wood on the thermal efficiency of a boiler","volume":"38","author":"L Dzurenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Thermodyn"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.022","article-title":"Fire effects in the molecular structure of soil organic matter fractions under Quercus suber cover","volume":"145","author":"NT Jim\u00e9nez-Morillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2020.102414","article-title":"Ancient arctic pyro-technologies: Experimental fires to document the impact of animal origin fuels on wood combustion","volume":"33","author":"M Vanlandeghem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Reports"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1950.52.2.02a00290","article-title":"Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort","volume":"52","author":"G. Kingsley Zipf","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0287531.ref133","first-page":"97","article-title":"People and woodlands: an investigation of charcoal remains as indicators of cultural selection and local environment in Bronze Age Ireland","volume":"11","author":"L. O\u2019Donnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saguntum Papeles del Lab Arqueol Val"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T20:39:26Z","timestamp":1729715966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287531"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}