{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:19:08Z","timestamp":1747196348186,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEMAPRE\/REM - UIDB\/05069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEMAPRE\/REM - UIDB\/05069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Composite multidimensional indices are broadly used to measure child poverty and social exclusion. Many of such indices are based on EU-SILC data or similar large scale complex sampling surveys, with the household as unit of analysis. Indicators related to households with or without children may quantify the intended attribute differently depending on the household structure and characteristics of individuals, potentially compromising the assessment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted statistical modelling and hypotheses tests using a two-parameter logistic item response model (IRM) and the likelihood-ratio test for DIF verification. Methods were applied to 2020 EU-SILC Portuguese data comprising 11,367 households representing a population of 4,099,052. Statistical analysis have allowed for the survey sampling design.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings demonstrate differential item functioning in the assessment material deprivation in households with or without children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:43:52Z","timestamp":1692294232000},"page":"e0290112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential item functioning of material deprivation assessment in households with or without children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-0629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcel Toledo","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"journal-title":"Aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals","year":"2018","author":"S. Alkire","key":"pone.0290112.ref001"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290112.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/13600818.2020.1854209","article-title":"Revisions of the global multidimensional poverty index: indicator options and their empirical assessment","volume":"49","author":"S. Alkire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxford Dev. Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290112.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-020-09774-0","article-title":"An integrated framework for child poverty and well-being measurement: Reconciling theories","volume":"14","author":"M. Biggeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"October","key":"pone.0290112.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105576","article-title":"A review of measurement tools for child wellbeing","volume":"119","author":"E. Y. N. Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref005","article-title":"Child poverty, deprivation and well-being: Evidence for Australia","author":"P. Saunders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290112.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1880-9","article-title":"Child poverty measurement in the UK: Assessing support for the downgrading of income-based poverty measures","volume":"142","author":"K. Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic reflections of multidimensional health poverty in Pakistan","author":"K. Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290112.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-017-9491-6","article-title":"Towards an EU measure of child deprivation","volume":"11","author":"A.-C. Guio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-021-09867-4","article-title":"Comparison of child poverty measures: Looking for consensus","volume":"15","author":"E. A. Landiyanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290112.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09639-1","article-title":"Child vs. household MPIs in Colombia: Do they identify the same children as multidimensionally poor?","volume":"13","author":"M. Pinilla-Roncancio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290112.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-018-9544-5","article-title":"Comparing the extent and levels of child poverty by the income and multidimensional deprivation approach in China","volume":"12","author":"D. Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"journal-title":"Child Poverty Dynamics and Income Mobility in Europe","year":"2016","author":"Y. Chzhen","key":"pone.0290112.ref012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290112.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1291-8","article-title":"Multidimensional Child Deprivation and Poverty Measurement: Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"131","author":"Y. Chzhen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref014","article-title":"Intra-household Poverty","author":"M. Daly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bristol"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref015","article-title":"Measuring material deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the whole population and child-specific indicators. Eurostat methodologies and working papers","author":"A.-C. Guio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Luxembourg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0261018315602627","article-title":"Child poverty in the UK: Measures, prevalence and intra-household sharing","volume":"36","author":"G. Main","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Soc. Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0290112.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSE-01-2016-0035","article-title":"Children and the dynamics of poverty and social exclusion: empirical evidence for Portugal","volume":"45","author":"A. Bastos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Econ"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wdp.2018.09.001","article-title":"Gender bias in households\u2019 educational expenditures: Does the stage of schooling matter?","volume":"10","author":"A. M. Iddrisu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Dev. Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-020-09754-4","article-title":"A measure of child exposure to household material deprivation: empirical evidence from the Portuguese EU-SILC","volume":"14","author":"M. E. Ferr\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290112.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-6992-202237020003","article-title":"Escala do \u00edndice de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o da crian\u00e7a \u00e0 priva\u00e7\u00e3o material em Portugal: valida\u00e7\u00e3o e interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"37","author":"M. T. G. Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. e Estado"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3435.2007.00332.x","article-title":"Indicators and indices of children\u2019s well-being: Towards a more policy-oriented perspective","volume":"43","author":"A. Ben-Arieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-007-9003-1","article-title":"The child indicators movement: Past, present, and future","volume":"1","author":"A. Ben-Arieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res"},{"volume-title":"Poverty dynamics in Europe: From what to why","year":"2015","author":"M. Vaalavuo","key":"pone.0290112.ref023"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref024","unstructured":"European Commission, \u201cGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),\u201d 2016. [Online]. https:\/\/gdpr-info.eu\/."},{"journal-title":"Methodological note:EU-SILC guidance note on the 2020 data collection in the context of the COVID-19 crisis","year":"2020","author":"U. F. Eurostat","key":"pone.0290112.ref025"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref026","first-page":"64","article-title":"Coronabedingte ungleichheit und armut in Deutschland: \u00dcbersch\u00e4tzt oder untersch\u00e4tzt? [The rise of inequality and poverty in Germany during the pandemic: False alarm?]","volume":"102","author":"M. Dauderst\u00e4dt","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u00d6konomische Trends"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290112.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-012-9684-5","article-title":"Relevance and advantages of using the item response theory","volume":"47","author":"S. L. V. Bortolotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Quant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref028","first-page":"104","article-title":"Differential item functioning: Beyong validity evidence based on internal structure","volume":"30","author":"D. Hidalgo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref029","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Handbook of Statistics (Psychometrics)","author":"R. D. Penfield","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref030","unstructured":"EUROSTAT, \u201cEU-SILC,\u201d The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, 2022. [Online]. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/microdata\/european-union-statistics-on-income-and-living-conditions."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0290112.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i06","article-title":"Mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment","volume":"48","author":"R. P. Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref032","unstructured":"R. P. Chalmers, \u201cMultidimensional Item Response Theory, version 1.32.1,\u201d 2020."},{"journal-title":"Material deprivation data for \u201cDifferential Item Functioning of Material Deprivation Assessment in Households With or Without Children","year":"2023","author":"M. E. Ferr\u00e3o","key":"pone.0290112.ref033"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290112.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164415584576","article-title":"It might not make a big DIF: Improved differential test functioning statistics that account for sampling variability","volume":"76","author":"R. P. Chalmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas"},{"volume-title":"Child poverty, aspiring to survive","year":"2020","author":"M. C. Treanor","key":"pone.0290112.ref035"},{"key":"pone.0290112.ref036","unstructured":"AERA-American Educational Research Association, APA-American PsychologicalAssociation, and NCME-National Council on Measurement in Education, The standards for educational and psychological testing. 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290112.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230661","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230661","article-title":"Social deprivation among socio-economic contrasted french areas: Using item response theory analysis to assess differential item functioning of the EPICES questionnaire in stroke patients","volume":"15","author":"A. Guilloteau","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:44:35Z","timestamp":1692294275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290112"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Tayyab","family":"Sohail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}}}