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The diversity and standardization of tools, as well as the systematic production of blades and bladelets, show the high investment of time, energy and knowledge often associated with Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes. However, more expedient behaviors have also been documented. In some cases, such low-cost behaviors can be dominant or almost exclusive, giving assemblages of Upper Paleolithic age an \u201carchaic\u201d appearance. In this paper, we address these expedient Upper Paleolithic technologies through the study of a lithic assemblage recovered from a Gravettian-age layer from the Lagar Velho rockshelter (Leiria, Portugal). Due to the specific formation processes characterizing this site, we also discuss the distinction between artifacts and geofacts, an aspect that is particularly difficult in expedient assemblages. Moreover, the combination of lithic refitting and data on thermal damage allows us to approach the temporal nature of the lithic assemblage and the timing of the different agents contributing to its formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1703097195000},"page":"e0294866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Refits, cobbles, and fire: Approaching the temporal nature of an expedient Gravettian lithic assemblage from Lagar Velho (Leiria, Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elvira Susana","family":"Alonso-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-8543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-3655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joan","family":"Daura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2527-9979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-0121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-9664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0294866.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1086\/686317","article-title":"The Evolution of Cultural Complexity: Not by the Treadmill Alone","volume":"57","author":"C Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0294866.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-017-9332-4","article-title":"The Structural and Functional Complexity of Hunter-Gatherer Technology","volume":"25","author":"JF Hoffecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Archaeol Method Theory"},{"key":"pone.0294866.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2017.07.006","article-title":"Measuring behavioural and cognitive complexity in lithic technology throughout human evolution","volume":"48","author":"A Muller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anthropol Archaeol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0294866.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10539-017-9603-1","article-title":"Complexity and technological evolution: What everybody knows?","volume":"32","author":"K Vaesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Philos"},{"key":"pone.0294866.ref005","article-title":"El Mesol\u00edtico de muescas y denticulados en la cuenca del Ebro y el litoral mediterr\u00e1neo peninsular. 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