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Archaeological excavations in 2007\/08 discovered an Islamic necropolis (Avenida 5 de Outubro #2\u20138) that appears to contain the remains of an early Muslim population in Santar\u00e9m (8<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\u2013 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century). In this study, skeletal material from 58 adult individuals was analysed for stable carbon (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>col<\/jats:sub>; <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>ap<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N) and sulphur (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>S) isotope ratios in bones, and stable oxygen (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O), carbon (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>en<\/jats:sub>) and radiogenic strontium (<jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Sr\/<jats:sup>86<\/jats:sup>Sr) isotopes in tooth enamel. The results of this study revealed a dietary pattern of predominantly C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-plant and domestic C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-fed herbivore consumption during adulthood (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>col<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N, respectively) but a higher proportion of C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-plant input during childhood (<jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>en<\/jats:sub>) for some individuals\u2014interpreted as possible childhood consumption of millet porridge, a common practice in North Africa\u2014in those with unorthodox burial types (Groups 1 and 2) that was not practiced in the individuals with canonical burials (Group 3). In this first mobility study of a medieval Muslim population in Portugal, <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O<jats:sub>DW<\/jats:sub> values revealed greater heterogeneity in Groups 1 and 2, consistent with diverse origins, some in more humid regions than Santar\u00e9m when compared to regional precipitation <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O data, contrasting the more homogenous Group 3, consistent with the local precipitation <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O range. Ancient DNA analysis conducted on three individuals revealed maternal (mtDNA) and paternal (Y-chromosome) lineages compatible with a North African origin for (at least) some of the individuals. Additionally, mobility of females in this population was higher than males, potentially resulting from a patrilocal social system, practiced in Berber and Arab communities. These results serve to offer a more detailed insight into the ancestry and cultural practices of early Muslim populations in Iberia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T18:39:28Z","timestamp":1709750368000},"page":"e0299958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Shrouded in history: Unveiling the ways of life of an early Muslim population in Santar\u00e9m, Portugal (8th\u2013 10th century AD)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-0450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca Anne","family":"MacRoberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Liberato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-6270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xavier","family":"Roca-Rada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-5995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Relvado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Matos Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Barrocas Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5550-9176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bastien","family":"Llamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia","family":"Vasconcelos Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernd R.","family":"Sch\u00f6ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-5452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-8264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o C.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-5357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne-France","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0299958.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203180891","volume-title":"The Muslim conquest of Iberia: medieval Arabic narratives","author":"N. 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