{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1740146912376,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Special Support Research4Covid, grant number 186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Special Support Research4Covid, grant number 186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To predict protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, cellular immunity seems to be more sensitive than humoral immunity. Through an Interferon-Gamma (IFN-\u03b3) Release Assay (IGRA), we show that, despite a marked decrease in total antibodies, 94.3% of 123 healthcare workers have a positive cellular response 6 months after inoculation with the 2nd dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Despite the qualitative relationship found, we did not observe a quantitative correlation between IFN-\u03b3 and IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2. Using stimulated whole blood from a subset of participants, we confirmed the specific T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 by dosing elevated levels of the IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1. Through a 20-month follow-up, we found that none of the infected participants had severe COVID-19 and that the first positive cases were only 12 months after the 2nd dose inoculation. Future studies are needed to understand if IGRA-SARS-CoV-2 can be a powerful diagnostic tool to predict future COVID-19 severe disease, guiding vaccination policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T17:27:31Z","timestamp":1715362051000},"page":"e0303244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 interferon gamma release assay in BNT162b2 vaccinated healthcare workers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-7843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6813-314X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Tiago","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0303244.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00228","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00228-20","article-title":"Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\/COVID-19 Detection.","volume":"34","author":"SH Safiabadi Tali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0303244.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01386-7","article-title":"CD8+ T cells contribute to survival in patients with COVID-19 and hematologic cancer","volume":"27","author":"EM Bange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0303244.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00436-4","article-title":"Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"RJ Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303244.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.013","article-title":"COVID-19 Makes B Cells Forget, but T Cells Remember","volume":"183","author":"PF Ca\u00f1ete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0303244.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00743-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination","volume":"18","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303244.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22036-z","article-title":"Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 generates T-cell memory in the absence of a detectable viral infection","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303244.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"T Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303244.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20202617","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202617","article-title":"Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"218","author":"N Le Bert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0303244.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6170","article-title":"The Promise and Peril of Antibody Testing for COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"J. 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